i  ILLUSTRATED  KEY  TO  THE 

WILD  AND  COMMONLY 
CULTIVATED  TREES 


NORTHEASTERN  UNITED  STATES  AND 
ADJACENT  CANADA^- 

BASED  PRIMARILY  UPON  LEAF  CHARACTERS 


J.  FRANKLIN  COLLINS 

AND      V 

HOWARD  W.  PRESTON 


NEW    YORK 

HENRY  HOLT  AND  COMPANY 
1912 


' 


COPYRIGHT,   1912, 
HENRY  HOLT  AND   COMPANY 


Published  May,  1912 


r.     MOREY    i    SON 


PREFACE 

IN  1909  the  authors  published  their  "Key  to 
New  England  Trees"  which  was  then  regarded  as 
preliminary  to  an  illustrated  edition.  Later  it 
was  decided  to  extend  the  geographic  range  of  the 
forthcoming  edition  so  as  to  include  the  north- 
eastern states  and  adjacent  Canada. 

This  key  is  intended,  as  was  the  earlier  one,  to 
serve  as  a  guide  for  those  who  wish  to  become  ac- 
quainted with  the  wild  and  commonly  cultivated 
trees  of  the  region  indicated.  At  the  same  time 
the  book  remains  sufficiently  small  to  be  readily 
carried  in  the  pocket.  For  the  convenience  of 
those  who  wish  to  learn  more  about  the  trees  a 
bibliography  of  some  of  the  more  important  works 
on  the  trees  of  northeastern  America  will  be  found 
on  page  157.  The  illustrations  are  intended  to  show 
an  outline  of  a  typical  leaf  of  every  tree  of  which 
the  leaves  differ  sufficiently  from  others  to  be 
recognized  in  a  drawing-.  Where  the  leaves  of  two 
different  trees  are  much. alike  an  outline  of  one 
only  is  usually  given,  and  an  explanatory  reference 
is  made  to  this  under  the  species  not  illustrated, 
at  the  proper  place  in  the  key. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  no  two  leaves  on 
iii 


iv  PREFACE 

a  tree  are  exactly  alike  and  that  there  is  often  a 
wide  range  of  shapes  on  the  same  tree.  For  this 
reason  the  leaf  outline  shown  (which  is  made  from 
a  fairly  typical  leaf  as  understood  by  the  authors) 
may  not  be  quite  representative  of  what  would  be 
called  a  typical  leaf  of  that  species  growing  under 
different  conditions,  or  in  a  different  locality. 

The  bark  of  most  trees  is  characteristic,  but  in 
many  species,  unfortunately,  these  characters  can- 
not be  brought  out  as  clearly  as  could  be  desired 
in  a  halftone  of  the  size  used  here.  A  consistent 
attempt  has  been  made  to  illustrate  only  certain 
representative  types.  In  certain  cases,  however, 
bark  illustrations  of  several  allied  species  of  a  group 
or  genus  are  given.  A  full  series  seems  hardly 
necessary,  as  the  key  is  based  primarily  upon  leaf 
characters. 

Technical  terms,  to  a  large  extent,  have  been 
eliminated.  For  the  explanation  of  such  as  are 
used  see  the  glossary  on  page  149.  The  geographic 
ranges  given  in  the  key  must  be  interpreted  as 
general  rather  than  precise,  as  no  attempt  has 
been  made  to  indicate  the  exact  known  limits  for 
any  species.  Beside  each  outline  drawing  an  inch 
scale,  reduced  in  size  to  correspond  with  the  reduc- 
tion of  the  leaf,  is  shown.  In  a  few  cases  a  quarter 
inch  scale  is  used,  but  in  all  such  cases  the  scale 
is  clearly  so  marked.  By  this  device  it  is  a  simple 


PREFACE  v 

matter  to  determine  the  approximate  size  of  any 
leaf. 

Throughout  the  key  occasional  reference  is  made 
to  cuts  which  illustrate  the  points  under  con- 
sideration. 

After  determining  the  name  of  a  tree  it  is  an 
excellent  plan  to  go  over  the  key  again  and  make 
careful  note  of  the  particular  characters  that  were 
used  to  separate  it  from  other  trees,  especially  the 
near  allies.  Also  dry  a  leaf  under  moderate  pres- 
sure and  keep  it  for  future  reference.  If  these 
suggestions  are  followed  systematically  and  con- 
scientiously most  of  our  common  trees  can  soon  be 
recognized  at  sight.  The  main  object  of  this  key 
is  merely  to  guide  the  student  through  the  prelimi- 
nary stages  of  this  recognition.  A  true  knowledge  of 
trees  must  be  derived  primarily  from  accurate  and 
abundant  study  of  the  trees  themselves. 

To  those  who  have  had  little  or  no  experience 
in  determining  plants  by  means  of  botanical  keys 
the  following  suggestions  will  be  helpful. 

Take  the  key  with  you  into  the  field  or  wood. 

Look  over  the  tree  and  select  typical  (or  average) 
leaves  and  twigs  before  attempting  to  use  the  key. 
As  a  rule  only  these  should  be  considered.  In  most 
cases  these  need  not  be  detached,  and  they  should 
not  be  when  there  is  any  suspicion  that  objection 
might  be  raised  to  such  a  procedure,  as  might  be 


vi  PREFACE 

the  case  with  street  trees,  park  trees,  and  cultivated 
trees  in  general.  If  fruit  characters  are  needed  for 
identification  and  no  fruit  can  be  found  on  the 
tree,  search  the  ground  directly  beneath  for  old 
fruits.  If  any  are  found,  they  may  usually  be  re- 
garded as  having  dropped  from  the  tree,  unless  the 
fruit  is  easily  blown  by  the  wind,  or  the  ground  is 
sloping  and  other  trees  grow  higher  up  the  slope 
where  fruits  might  easily  roll  down. 

In  using  the  key  begin  with  No.  i  and  read  the 
two  lines  preceded  by  this  number,  deciding  which 
one  of  the  two  applies  to  the  tree  under  considera- 
tion. If  the  leaves  of  our  tree  are  more  than  |  of 
an  inch  long,  as  most  leaves  are,  we  next  pass  to 
No.  2,  as  indicated  by  the  figure  2  following  this 
line,  and  read  the  two  lines  preceded  by  the  figure  2, 
deciding  which  one  of  these  two  applies  to  our  tree, 
and  again  passing  to  the  number  indicated  after 
the  proper  line.  This  simple  process  is  repeated 
until  we  reach  one  or  more  common  names  in  full 
faced  type.  If  a  number  is  found  after  this  name 
(as  in  No.  6)  it  means  that  the  name  is  that  of  a 
genus  including  two  or  more  species.  In  order  to 
decide  which  species  of  the  genus  we  have,  we  pass 
to  the  number  indicated  and  proceed  as  before. 
To  illustrate  this,  suppose  we  reach  No.  6,  in  the 
key,  deciding  that  we  have  a  Pine,  we  next  turn 
to  No.  76  in  order  to  find  which  Pine  we  have,  by 


PREFACE  vii 

a  process  exactly  similar  to  that  mentioned  above. 
Preceding  No.  76  will  be  found  a  few  briefly  stated 
characteristics  of  the  Pine  genus.  A  similar  charac- 
terization will  be  found  preceding  all  other  genera 
which  contain  more  than  one  species.  Finally  we 
arrive  at  a  point  where  no  number  is  indicated  after 
the  line  chosen.  The  common  name  (or  names, 
where  a  tree  is  known  by  several  names  in  the  same 
or  in  different  localities)  will  here  be  found  in  full 
faced  type,  except  in  case  of  some  of  the  Thorns, 
and  the  scientific  name  in  italics.  If  more  than  one 
common  name  is  given  the  first  is  usually  preferred, 
the  subsequent  ones  being  either  less  distinctive, 
less  common,  or  merely  local  within  our  range. 

The  names  of  states  and  authorities  for  scien- 
tific names  are  abbreviated  in  the  usual  manner. 
The  word  "cultivated"  is  abbreviated  to  "cult.", 
and  "figure"  and  "figures"  to  "Fig."  and  "Figs." 

Where  conflicting  opinions  exist  in  regard  to 
specific  limitations  and  names  the  yth  edition  of 
"Gray's  Manual"  has  been  followed,  particularly 
in  such  groups  as  Thorns,  Alders,  Birches,  etc. 

The  cooperation  of  all  who  use  this  book,  in  re- 
porting errors  which  they  discover,  is  desired  by 
the  authors. 

The  authors  herewith  acknowledge  their  indebt- 
edness to  Prof.  M.  L.  Fernald  for  many  valued 
criticisms  and  suggestions. 


CONTENTS 

PREFACE  . , Hi 

KEY  TO  GENERA  AND  SPECIES i 

A  SYSTEMATIC  LIST  OF  TREES  GROUPED  IN  FAMILIES,  WITH 

PAGE  REFERENCES 161 

INDEX  TO  TREE  NAMES 171 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND  SPECIES 

i.  Leaves  very  small  and  scale-like,  closely  ap- 
pressed  and  overlapping;  less  than  |  of  an 
inch  long.  (See  Figs.  5,  7.) — 7. 

1.  Leaves  more  than  |  of  an  inch  long,  not  closely 

overlapping.     (See  Figs.  90,  192.) — 2. 

2.  Leaves  awl-shaped  (i.  e.,  narrow  and  tapering 

from  the  base  to  a  rather  sharp  apex);  ^  to 
f  of  an  inch  long  and  r^  to  f  of  an  inch  wide. 
(See  Figs,  i,  20.)  Fruit  a  blue  berry-like 
cone — 4. 

2.  Leaves  not  awl-shaped — 3. 

3.  Leaves  needle-shaped  (i.  e.,  slender,  about  the 

same  thickness  throughout,  and  in  cross- 
section  either  semi-circular,  triangular,  or 
rhombic),  not  conspicuously  flattened.  (See 
Figs.  63,  640—5. 

3.  Leaves   flattened   and    distinctly   narrowed   at 

the  point  of  attachment,  with  or  without 
a  distinct  leaf -stalk.  (See  Figs.  12,  184.) — 9. 

4.  Leaves   three   at  a  node,  £  to  f  of  an  inch 

long    and    about   ^  of    an    inch    wide,   all 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


alike;  whitened  on  the  real 
upper  surface  (which  is  com- 
monly turned  towards  the 
ground)  and  green  on  the 
lower  surface,  spiny  pointed. 
Rarely  a  small  tree,  generally 
a  shrub.  Central  New  Eng- 
land and  southward  in  the 
mountains.  Common  Juni- 
per, Juniperus  communis  L. 
The  low  spreading  Dwarf 
Juniper  (var.  depressa  Pursh), 
with  leaves  rarely  ^  inch  long, 
is  the  common  form  of  this 
species  in  New  England  and 
westward.  (Figs,  i,  3.) 

4.  Leaves  of  two  forms,  one  form  awl-shaped, 
two  at  a  node,  with  the  real 
upper  surface  whitened,  as 
in  the  Common  Jumper;  the 
other  (usually  on  older  trees) 
consisting  of  short  overlap- 
ping scale-like  leaves  ar- 
ranged in  four  more  or  less 
distinct  longitudinal  rows. 

Fig.  2.  Red  Cedar,  a.  Twig    Southern   Maine   and   New 
with  awl-shaped  leaves;    Hampshire   southward   and 

b.   Iwig    with  scale-like  N 

leaves;  c.  Section  of  b.        westward.     (FlgS.    2,    3,    4.) 


Fig.  i.  Dwarf 
Juniper. 


4    KEY  TO  GENERA  AND  SPECIES 

Red  Cedar,  Savin,   Juniperus  mrginiana  L. 


Fig.  4.  Red  Cedar. 

5.  Leaves  in  well  marked  clusters  on  the  side  of 

the  branch — 6. 
5.  Leaves  not  in  definite  clusters  on  the  side  of 

the  branch — Spruce,  85. 


6.  Leaves  five  or  less  in  a  cluster — Pine,  76. 
6.  Leaves  seven  or  more  in  a  cluster — Larch,  84. 

7.  Young  leafy  shoots  con- 
spicuously flattened  or 
two-edged.  Northern 
and  western  New  Eng- 

Fig.  5.  Arbor  Vitae.  a.  Side          land     northward    and 
view  of  twig;  b.  Section  of  .       ,  . 

twig.  westward,  also  south- 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES  5 

ward  in  the  mountains,  and  cult.  (Figs.  5,  6.) 
Arbor  Vitae,  Cedar,  White  Cedar,  Thuja 
occidentalis  L. 


Fig.  6.   Arbor  Vitae. 

7.  Young    leafy    shoots    not    conspicuously    flat- 

tened—8. 

8.  Leaves  of  two  kinds;  (a)  awl-shaped  and  spiny 

pointed  and  whitened  above,  less  than  \ 
inch  long,  more  common  on  young  trees,  but 
generally  present  also  on  some  parts  of  older 
trees;  (b)  small  and  scale-like,  smallest  and 
youngest  shoots  conspicuously  4-angled.  Fruit 
a  bluish  white  berry-like  cone  about  j  of  an 
inch  or  less  thick.  Trees  of  drier  situations — 
dry  sandy  fields  and  hillsides — rarely  in  low 
wet  ground.  Southern  Me.  and  N.  H.  south- 
ward and  westward.  (Figs.  2,  3,  4.)  Red 
Cedar,  Savin,  Juniperus  virginiana  L. 


6          KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

8.  Leaves  of  one  kind  only;  small  and  scale-like, 

some  of  the  leaves  commonly  with  a  minute 
swelling  or  gland  on  the  back.  Smallest  and 
youngest  shoots  cylindric,  not 
conspicuously  4-angled  nor  flat- 
tened. Fruit  a  small  dry  brownish 
cone  about  j  of  an  inch  thick, 
with  shield-shaped  scales.  Trees 
of  moist  situations  —  swamps, 
bogs,  etc.  —  rarely  in  dry  soil. 
Common  from  N.  H.  to  Miss. 
within  100  miles  of  the  coast. 
(Fig.  7.)  Coast  White  Cedar, 
Cedar,  Chamaecyparis  thyoides  (L.)  twig. 
BSP. 

9.  Leaves  less  than  £  of  an  inch  wide — 10. 

9.  Leaves  more  than  §  of  an  inch  wide — 13. 

10.  Leaves  three  at  a  node,  |  to  f  of  an  inch  long 

and  about  ^  of  an  inch  wide,  all  alike;  whit- 
ened on  the  real  upper  surface  (which  is 
commonly  turned  towards  the  ground)  and 
green  on  the  lower  surface,  spiny  pointed. 
Rarely  a  small  tree,  generally  a  shrub.  Cen- 
tral New  England  and  southward  in  the 
mountains.  Common  Juniper,  Juniperus 
communis  L.  The  low  spreading  Dwarf 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


Juniper  (var.  depressa 
Pursh),  with  the  leaves 
rarely  5  an  inch  long, 
is  the  common  form 
of  this  species  in  New 
England  and  west- 
ward. •  (Figs,  i,  3.) 
10.  Leaves  not  whitened 
above — n. 


Magnified  section 
of  leaf 

Fig.  8.  Hemlock. 


ii.  Leaves  evergreen,  about  f  inch  long,  blunt, 
whitened  beneath,  and  with  a  distinct  short 
slender  leaf-stalk.  Ontario,  Quebec,  New 
Brunswick,  and  southward.  (Figs.  8,  9.) 


Fig.  9.  Hemlock. 

Hemlock,    Hemlock    Spruce,    Tsuga   rana- 
densis  (L.)  Carr. 
ii.  Leaves  evergreen,  usually  at  least  f  of  an  inch 


8    KEY  TO  GENERA  AND  SPECIES 

long,  blunt,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  but  without  a  distinct 
sharply  denned  leaf-stalk; 
often  whitened  beneath  and 
sometimes  more  or  less  Fig  I0  Bald  Cy_ 

Curved— 12.  press.' a.  Side  view 

.  of  normal   shoot; 

ii.  Leaves  £  to  f  of  an  inch  long,  b.  Glyptostrobus 
pointed  at  the  apex,  green  shoot- 
or  yellow-green  on  both  surfaces,*  falling 
from  the  tree  in  the  autumn  (i.  e.,  de- 
ciduous), narrowed  at  the  base  but  without 
a  distinct  leaf-stalk,f  spreading  along  two 
sides  of  the  twig.  Swamps  from  Del.  south- 


Bald  Cypress. 


*  Very  rarely  somewhat  whitened  beneath. 

t  There  is  another  form  of  this  tree  (or  occasionally  branches  of 
a  tree)  with  short  appressed  sharply  pointed  leaves,  and  slender 
almost  pendulous  branches.  (Fig.  icb.)  This  is  the  form  which 
formerly  passed  in  cultivation  as  Glyptostrobus  pendulus  Endl. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


ward  and  west- 
ward. (Figs.  10, 
n.)  Bald  Cypress, 
Taxodium  disti- 
chum  (L.)  Richard. 


12.  Mature  leaves  con- 
spicuously whiten- 
ed beneath.  Cones 


Magnified 

section 
Leaf 
Upright.     North-    enlarged 

eastward  from  Pa. 

and  Wis.  (Figs.  12, 

13.)    Balsam    Fir,   Balsam,    Firtree,    Balm 

of  Gilead  Fir,  Abies  balsamea  (L.)  Mill. 


Fig.  12.  Balsam  Fir. 


Fig.  13.   Balsam  Fir,  showing  blisters  on  young  trunk. 


io         KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


12.  Mature  leaves  not  conspicuously 
whitened  beneath.  Cones  hang- 
ing or  pendulous,  with  leaf-like 
toothed  appendages  projecting  be- 
yond the  scales.  Cult.  Native 
west  of  our  range.  (Fig.  14.) 
Douglas  Spruce,  Red  Fir,  Douglas 
Fir,  Pseudotsuga  taxi/olid  Britt. 


Fig.  14. 
Douglas 
Spruce  ; 
2  leaves 
and  a 
section. 


13-  Leaves  simple,  with  a  single  blade. 
(See  Figs.  96,  2430—14- 

13.  Leaves   compound,    with   3    or   more   wholly 

separate  blades  (leaflets).     (See  Figs.    117, 
2030—63. 

14.  With  3  or  more  main  veins  of  nearly  equal 

prominence  starting 
from  the  base  of  the 
blade.  (See  Figs.  19, 
2460—15. 

14.  With  only  one  prominent 
vein.      (See    Figs.    84, 

14.  With     very     many     fine 
veins,  all  of  equal  prom- 
inence,  radiating  from 
Fig.  15.  Ginkgo.  the    base    of    the  fan- 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES         n 


Fig.  1 6.    Ginkgo.   Old  trunk. 

shaped  blade.  Cult.  Native  in  eastern  Asia. 
(Figs.  15,  16,  17.)  Ginkgo,  Maiden-hair 
Tree,  Ginkgo  biloba  L. 


Fig.  17.    Ginkgo.    Young  trunk  and  t 


i2        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

15.  With  one  leaf  at  a  node 
(i.  e.,  leaves  alter- 
nate)—18. 

15.  With    two     or     more 

leaves  at  a  node 
(i.e.,  leaves  opposite 
or  whorled) — 16. 

16.  Leaf  margins  strongly 

indented  in  2  or  4 
places,  these  inden- 
tations variable,  but 
usually  reaching  at 
least  i  of  the  dis- 
tance to  the  base  of 
the  blade.  Fruit 
with  a  flat  wing — 
Maple,  1 86. 

16.  Leaves    usually    with 

only  one  indentation  and  this  at  the  base 
(i.  e.,  leaves  heart-shaped),  occasionally  some 
leaves  with  one  or  two  angles  or  shallow 
indentations  on  the  sides.  No  small  mar- 
ginal teeth — 17. 

17.  Fruit  12  to  1 8  inches  long,  cylindric — Catalpa, 

208. 
17.  Fruit  globular  or  topshaped.    Cult.  Native  in 


Fig.  18.  Paulownia.  Half  of 
a  leaf. 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


eastern  Asia.  (Fig.  18.) 
Paulownia,  Paulownia  to- 
mentosa  (Thunb.)  Steud. 

1  8.  Prominent  veins  at  the 
base  of  the  blade  5  or 
more  *  —  19. 

1  8.  Prominent  veins  at  the  base 


of  the  blade 

5)—  20. 


3  *  (rarely 


Fig.  19.  Sweet  Gum. 


19.  Leaves  strongly  star-shaped.    Conn,  and  south- 
westward,  also  cult.     (Figs.  19,  20.)    Sweet 


Fig.  20.  Sweet  Gum. 

Gum,  Red  Gum,  Alligator-wood,  Liquidam- 
bar,  Liquidambar  Stryaciflua  L. 

*  In  some  cases  the  lowest  veins  are  less  prominent  than  the 
upper.  At  such  times  uncertainty  may  arise  as  to  which  No.  18 
should  be  followed  when  trying  to  decide  between  3  and  5  veins. 


u 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND  SPECIES 


Fig.  21.  Redbud.  Fig.  22.  Redbud. 

19.  Leaves  symmetrically  heart-shaped,  margins 
entire.  N.  Y.  southward  and  westward,  also 
cult.  (Figs.  21,  22.)  Redbud,  Judas-tree, 
Cercis  canadensis  L. 

19.  Leaves  unsymmetrically  heart-shaped,  margins 

toothed — Linden,  198. 

20.  Leaves  broader  than  long,  with  strong  angles 

or  shallow  indentations.  Southern  Me. 
southward  and  westward.  (Figs.  23,  24,  25.) 
Buttonwood,  Buttonball-tree,  Plane-tree, 
American  Sycamore,  Sycamore,  Platanus 
occidentalis  L. 

20.  Leaves  longer  than  wide — 21. 

21.  Leaf  length  not  twice  the  width.    Juice  milky 

— 22. 

21.  Leaf  length  not  twice  the  width.  Juice  not 
milky.  Base  of  blade  unsymmetrical — Lin- 
den, 198. 


Fig.  23.  Buttonwood. 


Fig.  24.  Buttonwood. 
Young  trunk. 


Fig.  25.  Buttonwood.    Old  trunk. 


1 6    KEY  TO  GENERA  AND  SPECIES 

21.  Leaf  length  more  than  twice  the  width.  Juice 
not  milky.  Southern  New  England  south- 
ward and  westward.  (Figs. 
26,  27.)  Hackberry,  Sugar- 
berry,  Nettle-tree,  Oneberry, 
Celtis  occidentalis  L. 


22.  Fruit  globular,  about  f  of  an 
inch    thick.     Cult,    and    es- 
caped.     Native    in    eastern  p.g  ^  Hackb"erry. 
Asia.  (Fig.  28.)    Paper  Mul- 
berry,   Broussonetia  papyri/era  (L.)  Vent. 

22.  Fruit  longer  than  broad,  less  than  \  inch  thick 
— Mulberry,  148. 


Fig.  27.  Hackberry. 

23.  Margins    either    wavy,    toothed,    incised,    or 
lobed.    (See  Figs.  46,  126,  169,  225.) — 35. 

23.  Margins  entire,  without  any  of  the  above  char- 

acters.   (See  Figs.  40,  150.) — 24. 

24.  Twigs  and  bark  emitting  a  pleasant  spicy  odor 

when  bruised.     Some  of  the  leaves  with  a 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


Fig.  28.  Paper  Mulberry. 

prominent  lobe  on  one  or  both  sides.  Leaf- 
stalk usually  more  than  f  of  an  inch  long. 
Fruit  blue  when  ripe,  about  |  of  an  inch 
long,  on  a  red  stalk,  enclosing  a  single  seed- 
like  stone.  Central  New  England  southward 
and  westward.  (Figs.  29,  30,  31.)  Sassafras, 
Sassafras  variifolium  (Salisb.)  Ktze. 


Fig.  29.  Sassafras. 


Fig.  30.  Sassafras. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


Fig.  31.  Sassafras. 

24.  Twigs  and  bark  emitting  a  disagreeable  or 
heavy  odor  when  bruised.  Leaves  without 
any  lobes.  Leaf -stalk  usually  less  than  \ 
inch  long.  Fruit  fleshy  and  edible,  green 
or  brown  when  ripe,  i\  to  5 
inches  long,  enclosing  several 
large  seeds.  Central  N.  Y. 
westward  and  southward. 
(Fig.  32.)  Papaw,  Common 
Papaw,  Custard  Apple,  Asi- 
mina  triloba  Dunal. 

24.  Twigs  and  bark  not  particularly 
fragrant  nor  with  an  unpleas- 
ant odor  when  bruised.  None 
of  the  leaves  lobed — 25. 


25.  Leaves  thick,  smooth,  and  ever- 
green— 26. 


Fig.  32.  Common 
Papaw. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES         19 

25.  Leaves  thin  or  else  hairy  beneath,  drop- 

ping at  the  end  of  the  season — 27. 

26.  Leaves  2  to  5  inches  long,  green  on  the 

under  surface.     New  Brunswick  and 
south  westward.  (Fig.  33.)    Mountain 
Laurel,    Calico     Bush,    Spoonwood,  Mofnt^n 
Kalmia  latifolia  L. 

26.  Leaves  4  to  1 2  inches  long,  with  a  russet,  tawny, 
or  cinnamon-colored  under  surface.  Central 
New  England  south  westward,  also 
locally  in  Nova  Scotia  and  northern 
New  England.  (Fig.  34.)  Rhodo- 
dendron, Great  Laurel,  Rose  Bay, 
Rhododendron  maximum  L. 

27.  Side  veins  curving  nearly  to  the  apex 

of  the  leaf — Cornel,  201. 
27.  Side  veins  not  curving  nearly  to  the 
Rhod3o4'  apex  of  the  leaf— 28. 

dendron. 

28.  Branches  with  at  least  a  few  spines  or 
thorns  (usually  many).  Lower  Mis-' 
sissippi  valley,  also  cult,  and  escaped. 
(Figs.  35,  36.)  Osage  Orange,  Ma- 
dura pomifera  (Raf.)  Schneider. 

28.  Branches  without  spines  or  thorns — 

2Q.  Orange. 


2o         KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

29.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled — 30. 
29.  Leaves  alternate — 31. 


Fig.  36.  Osage  Orange. 

30.  Leaves  mostly  3  at  a  node  (whorled),  rounded 
or  pointed  at  the  base.  New  Brunswick 
southwestward.  (Fig.  37.)  Buttonbush, 
Cephalanthus  occidentalis  L. 

30.  Leaves  opposite,  with  an  abrupt  or  slightly 
heart-shaped  base.  Cult,  and  escaped.  Na- 
tive in  Eurasia.  (Fig.  38.)  Lilac,  Syringa 
vulgar  is  L. 

30.  Leaves  opposite,  blade  broadest  at  the  middle 

or  above.  N.  J.  southwestward  and  cult. 
(Fig.  39.)  Fringe-tree,  White  Fringe, 
Chionanthus  virginica  L. 

31.  Leaves   7   inches   or   more   long  —  Magnolia, 

149. 
31.  Leaves  less  than  7  inches  long — 32. 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


21 


Fig.  37- 
Button- 
bush. 


Fig  38 
Lilac. 


Fig.  39- 
Fringe- tree. 


32.  Terminal   bud   ^   inch   or   more    long — Mag- 
nolia,  149. 

32.  Terminal  bud  less  than  i  of  an  inch  long — 33. 

33.  Leaves  not  twice  as  long  as  wide,  under  surface 

woolly-hairy.    Cult. — Quince,  152. 
33.  Leaves  not  twice  as  long  as  wide,  under  surface 

smooth.    Cult. — Sumach,  182. 
33.  Leaves  at  least  twice  as  long  as  wide,  apex 

more  or  less  pointed — 34. 


34.  Leaves  somewhat  rounded  at  the  base,  pointed 
at  the  apex.  Fruit  a  globular  berry  an  inch 
or  more  thick.  Conn,  southwestward  and 
occasionally  cult.  (Figs.  40,  41.)  Persim- 
mon, Date  Plum,  Diospyros  virginiana  L. 

34.  Leaves  more  or  less  pointed  at  both  ends. 


22        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


Fig.  41.  Persimmon. 

Fruit  elongated,  fleshy  or  juicy,  less  than  £ 
inch  long,  with  the  seed  enclosed  in  a  hard 
stone.  Central  Me.  southwestward  and 
westward.  (Figs.  42,  43.)  Tupelo,  Black 
Gum,  Sour  Gum,  Gum,  Nyssa  sylvatica 
Marsh. 


Fig.  42. 
Tupelo. 


Fig.  43.  Tupelo. 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES         23 

34.  Leaves  pointed  at  both  ends.    Fruit  an  acorn 

(i.  e.,  a  nut  with  its  base  set  in  a  woody  cup 
which  is  composed  of  closely  overlapping 
small  scales) — Oak,  126. 

35.  Margin  with  no  deep  indentations  (i.  e.,  not 

more  than  J  of  the  distance  to  the  midrib). 
(See  Figs.  46,  171.)— 36. 


Fig.  44.    Tulip  Tree. 

35.  Margin  indented  more  than  J  of  the  distance 

to  the  midrib,  often  almost  to  the  base 
(i.  e.,  lobed  or  divided).  (See  Figs.  155, 
208.)— 38 

36.  Leaves  abruptly  cut  off  or  indented  at  the 

broad  apex.  Margin  with  a  few  large  angles 
or  shallow  lobes,  but  with  no  small  teeth. 
Central  New  England  southward  and  west- 
ward, also  cult.  (Figs.  44,  45.)  Tulip  Tree, 


24        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND  SPECIES 


Fig.  45.  Tulip  Tree. 

White  Wood,  Yellow  Poplar,  Liriodendron 
Tulipifera  L. 

36.  Leaves  rounded  or  pointed  at  apex.  Margin 
wavy,  with  no  distinct  teeth  nor  bristle- 
tipped  lobes,  larger  indentations  of  the 
margin  not  exceeding  £  of  the  distance  to  the 
midrib.  (See  Figs.  46,  171.) — 37. 

36.  Leaves  rounded  or  pointed  at  apex.  Margin 
with  distinct  teeth  or  small  notches,  or  with 
a  few  bristle-tipped  lobes  or  angles.  (See 
Figs.  47,  196.)— 39- 


37.  Base  of  blade  unsymmetrical. 
New  Brunswick  southwest- 
ward.  (Fig.  46.)  Witch  Hazel, 
Hamamelis,  Hamamelis  vir- 
'  giniana  L. 

37-  Base  of  blade  nearly  or  quite 
symmetrical.  Buds  short,  not 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES         25 

j  of  an  inch  long.  Bark  not  smooth  and 
gray  * — Oak,  126. 

37.  Base  of  blade  nearly  or  quite  symmetrical. 

Buds  \  inch  or  more  long,  sharply  pointed. 
Bark  smooth  and  gray,  even  on  old  trunks  * 
— Beech,  122. 

38.  Margin    both    deeply    cut    or    indented,    and 

toothed.    (See  Figs.  126,  208.) — 61. 
38.  Margin     deeply    notched    or    in- 
dented, but  not  toothed.    (See 
Figs.  30,  44.)— 59. 


Fig.  47- 

Holly. 


39.  Leaves  thick,  evergreen,  with  stiff 
and  spiny  teeth.  Mass,  south- 
ward along  the  coast,  also 
cult.  (Fig.  47.)  Holly,  American 
Holly,  White  Holly,  Ilex  opaca 
Ait. 

39.  Leaves  thin — 40. 

40.  Leaves  and  branches  opposite,  or  seemingly 

so — 41. 
40.  Leaves  and  branches  alternate — 42. 

*  The  bark  of  the  Gray  Oak  in  eastern  Maine  is  smooth  and 
Beech-like.  It  is  doubtless  of  this  character  elsewhere.  The 
Gray  Oak  may  readily  be  known  (as  contrasted  with  the  Beech) 
by  its  lobed  leaves,  by  its  fruit,  or  by  its  winter  bud  characters. 


26        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


41.  Branches  without  thorns  or  spines,  side  veins 
of  the  blade  not  curving  into  the  apex— 
Arrow-wood,  209. 

41.  Branches  commonly  with  a  few  spines  or  thorns, 

side  veins  of  the  blade  curving  well  up  into 
the  apex.  Cult,  and  escaped.  Native  in 
Eurasia.  (Fig.  48.)  Buckthorn,  Rhamnus 
cathartica  L. 

42.  Branches  with  thorns— 43. 

42.  Branches  without  thorns — 44. 

43.  Thorns   on    the    side    of    leafy 

branches— Thorn,  159. 
43.  Thorns  commonly  formed  by 
the  pointed  ends  of  branches. 
Fruit  usually  with  5  thin- 
walled  seed  compartments — 
Apple,  Pear  (in  semi- wild 
state),  152. 

43.  Thorns  commonly  formed  by  the  pointed  ends 

of  branches.  Fruit  with  a  single  seed  en- 
closed in  a  hard  stone — Plum,  175. 

44.  Side  veins  nearly  straight,  usually  unbranched. 

(See  Figs.  143,  146,  178.)— 45- 
44.  Side  veins   curving    or    prominently   forking. 
(See  Figs.  358,  263,  2750—54. 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES         27 

45.  Leaf  base  very  unsymmetrical,  as  a  rule,  and 
the  margins  doubly  toothed.  Fruit  flat, 
with  a  broad  wing  surrounding  the  single 
seed.  (See  Fig.  178.)— Elm,  144. 

45.  Leaf   base   symmetrical,   or   nearly   so.     (See 

Fig.  1 53 -)-46- 

46.  Margins  with  coarse  teeth  or  angles,  less  than 

6  per  inch,  or  else  with  straight  side  veins, 
each  terminating  in  a  bristle-like  tooth. 
(See  Figs.  146,  172.) — 47. 

46.  Margins  with  small  teeth,  more  than  6  per 

inch.      (See  Figs.  49,  131.)— 49. 

47.  Fruit  a  nut;  one  to  several  nuts  completely 

enclosed  in  a  prickly  bur  until  mature.  Each 
of  the  numerous  side  veins  of  the  leaf-blade 
terminating  in  a  marginal  tooth — 48. 

47.  Fridt  a  nut  with  its  base  set  in  a  scaly  cup. 

Leaf  margins  commonly  with  a  few  large 
angular  teeth  or  shallow  angular  lobes,  each 
tipped  with  a  short  bristle — Oak,  126. 

48.  Xut    triangular   in    section.      Bark   of    trunk 

smooth,  firm,  and  gray — Beech,  122. 
48.  Xut  not  triangular  in  section.     Bark  of  older 
trunks  furrowed — Chestnut,  125. 


28        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


49.  Bark  chalky  white  or  whitish,  or  (if  dark  col- 
ored) with  the  outer  layers  of  the  bark  sepa- 
rable into  thin  papery  layers — Birch,  in. 

49.  Bark  not  chalky  white,  nor  whitish — 50. 

50.  Small  twigs  aromatic  when  bruised — Birch,  1 1 1 . 

50.  Small  twigs  not  aromatic  when  bruised — 51. 

51.  Leaves  taper-pointed.    (See  Fig.  49.) — 52. 

51.  Leaves  not  taper-pointed.  (See  Figs.  123, 
137-)— 53- 


Fig.  49.  Hop 
Hornbeam. 


Fig.  50.  Hop  Hornbeam. 


52. 


Surface  of  the  bark  brownish,  with  somewhat 
shredded  flakes  or  scales.  New  Brunswick 
southward  and  westward.  (Figs.  49,  50.) 
Hop  Hornbeam,  Ironwood,  Leverwood, 
Hornbeam,  Hardback,  Ostrya  mrginiana 
(Mill)  K.  Koch. 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


52.  Surface  of  the  bark  close  and  gray,  with  no 

tendency  to  become  furrowed  or  scaly,  al- 
though the  trunk  commonly  produces  at 
least  a  few  muscle-like  or  tendon-like  ridges, 
giving  it  a  characteristic  appear- 
ance. New  Brunswick  southward 
and  westward.  (Figs.  51,  52.) 
American  Hornbeam,  Blue  Beech, 
Water  Beech,  Hornbeam,  Iron- 
wood,  Carpinus  caroliniana  Walt. 

53.  Leaves    with     a     broadly    wedge- 

shaped    (or  abrupt)    and    entire     American 

Hornbeam. 

base,  and  a  pointed  apex.    Twigs 

reddish.      Bark    of   old    trunks   reddish   or 


Fig.  52.  American  Hornbeam. 


30        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

brownish,  forming  scales  with  upturned  pa- 
pery margins — Birch,  112. 

53.  Leaves  usually  rounded  at  one  or  both  ends. 

Bark  without  papery-margined  scales — Al- 
der, 119. 

54.  Blade  nearly  as  wide  as  long,  with  an  unsym- 

metrical  and  usually  heart-shaped  base — 
Linden,  198. 

54.  Blade  usually  longer  than  wide,  or  with  the 
base  nearly  or  quite  symmetrical — 55. 

54.  Blade  longer  than  wide  and  with  an  unsym- 

metrical  base.    Fruit  very  flat — Elm,  144. 

55.  Fruit  fleshy  or  juicy,  commonly  globular,  not 

splitting  open  at  maturity.  Wood  com- 
monly rather  heavy  and  hard — 56. 

55.  Fruit  neither  globular,  fleshy  nor  juicy;  split- 
ting open  at  maturity.  Seeds  with  long 
cottony  hairs.  Wood  soft  and  light.  Twigs 
commonly  brittle — 58. 

55.  Fruit  small  and  dry,  in  large  loose  clusters, 
splitting  open  at  maturity.  Seeds  spindle- 
shaped  (long  pointed  at  each  end).  Wood 
heavy  and  hard.  Leaves  4  or  5  inches  long 
and  an  inch  or  more  wide,  pointed  at  both 
ends.  Penn.  southward  and  westward. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES        31 

(Fig.   53.)     Sourwood,  Sorrel-tree,  Oxyden- 
drum  arboreum  (L.)  DC. 

NOTE. — The  Hop  Hornbeam  may  be  sought  here 
if  the  side  veins  of  the  blade  are  more  curved 
than  usual. 


56.  Fruit  with  a  single  central  stone 
which  encloses  a  single  seed — 
Cherry,  Plum,  Peach,  175. 

56.  Fruit  with  the  seeds  in  thin-walled 

compartments — 57. 

57.  Fruit  less  than  \  inch  thick — June- 

berry,  158. 

57.  Fruit  f  to  2  inches  or  more  thick — 
Apple,  Pear,  152. 


58.  Leaf-stalk  less  than  \  the  length  of      Fig-  S3- 
the  blade,  or  else  the  width  of  the 
blade  less  than  \  the  length  of  the  blade*— 
Willow,  91. 

58.  Leaf-stalk  more  than  \  the  length  of  the  blade, 
or  else  the  blade  nearly  as  wide  as  long  *- 
Poplar,  98. 

*  Exceptionally  narrow-leaved  forms  of  the  Balsam  Poplar 
may  be  distinguished,  from  Willows,  by  the  strong  balsamic 
odor  of  leaves  and  buds,  and  by  the  metallic-looking  sticky  lower 
surface  of  their  leaves. 


32        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

59.  Leaves  abruptly  cut  off  or  indented  at  the 
broad  apex.  Central  New  England  south- 
ward and  westward,  also  cult.  (Figs.  44, 
45.)  Tulip  Tree,  White  Wood,  Yellow  Pop- 
lar, Liriodendron  Tulipifera  L. 

59.  Leaves  pointed  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  not 

indented — 60. 

60.  Twigs  bright  or  shining  green,  bark  spicy  aro- 

matic when  bruised.  Central  New  England 
southward  and  westward.  (Figs.  29,  30,  31.) 
Sassafras,  Sassafras  variifolium  (Salisb.) 
Ktze. 

60.  Twigs  not  spicy  aromatic — Oak,  126. 

NOTE. — The  Fern-leaved  Beech  (occasionally 
planted),  with  smooth  gray  bark,  long 
pointed  buds,  and  deeply  divided  leaves, 
may  be  sought  here  if  the  leaf  margins  are 
less  deeply  cut  than  usual. 

61.  Branches  thorny.    English  Hawthorn — 159. 

61.  Branches  not  thorny — 62. 

62.  Bark  whitish  and  papery.     Cult. — Cut-leaved 

Birch,  114. 
62.  Bark  not  whitish  and  papery — Oak,  126. 

NOTE.— The     Fern-leaved     Beech     (occasionally 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES        33 

planted),  with  smooth  gray  bark,  long 
pointed  buds,  and  deeply  divided  leaves, 
may  be  sought  here  if  the  leaves  are  some- 
what toothed  as  well  as  deeply  cut. 

63.  Leaflets  all  attached  at  one  point  (i.  e.,  leaves 
palmately  compound),  with  no  stalk  to 
any  of  the  leaflets.  Cult. — Horse-chestnut, 
Buckeye,  195. 

63.  Leaflets  scattered  along  both  sides  of  the  com- 

mon axis  (i.  e.,  leaves  pinnately  compound); 
if  composed  of  only  3  leaf- 
lets then  the  terminal  one 
with  a  distinct  individual 
stalk.  (See  Figs.  234, 
237.)— 64. 

64.  Leaves  with  an  odd  leaflet  at 

the  tip — 67. 

64.  Leaves  usually  with  a  pair 
of  leaflets  at  the  tip— 65. 


65.  With  thorns  on  the  branches 
or  trunk.     Central  N.  Y. 
and  Penn.  southwestward     a.  Once  compounded 
and  westward,  also  cult.     8 
and   escaped.     (Figs.   54,     leaf. 


Fig.  55.   Honey  Locust. 


Fig.  56.    Honey  Locust.    Thorns  on  young  trunks. 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES         35 

55,    56.)      Honey     Locust,    Three-thorned 

Acacia,    Honey    Shucks,    Honey,    Gleditsia 

triacanthos  L. 

65.  Without    thorns — 66. 

56.  Leaves  once  com- 
pound. Cult,  and 
escaped.  Native  of 

China.      (Figs.      57,  F'g-  57-    Tree  of  Heaven,  Ai- 
lanthus.    Two  leaflets  from  a 

58.)  Tree  Of   Heav-       leaf  made  up  of  31  leaflets.. 
pn     Ailanthns:     Phi         a-  From  middle  of  leaf-    b- 

en,  Ailantnus,  uu-     From  base  of  leaf 
nese  Sumach,  Ai- 
lanthus  glandulosa  Desf. 

Leaves  twice  compound,  at  least  in  part  of 
the  leaf.    Central  N.  Y.  westward  and  south- 


Fig.  58.    Tree  of  Heaven,  Ailanthus. 

westward,  also  cult.  (Figs.  59,  60.)  Ken- 
tucky Coffee-tree,  Gymnodadus  dioica  (L.) 
Koch. 


36        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


Fig.  59.    Kentucky  Coffee-tree.    Portion  of  a  leaf. 

67.  Leaves  only  once  compound.     (See  Figs.  234, 

27i.)-68. 
67.  Leaves  twice  compound,  at  least  in  part  of 

the   leaf.      Central    N.    Y.    westward    and 


Fig.  60.     Kentucky  Coffee-tree. 

southwestward,  also  cult.  (Figs.  59,  60.) 
Kentucky  Coffee-tree,  Gymnocladus  dioica 
(L.)  Koch. 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND  SPECIES        37 

68.  Leaves  opposite — 69. 

68.  Leaves  alternate — 70= 

69.  Wing  of  the  fruit  unsymmetrical,  thickened  at 

one  edge.  Leaflets  usually  3  or  5.  Western 
New  England  southward  and  westward, 
also  cult,  and  escaped — Box  Elder,  Ash- 
leaved  Maple,  186. 

69.  Wing  of  fruit  symmetrical,  not  thickened  at 

one  edge.    Leaflets  usually  7  or  9 — Ash,  202. 

70.  Margins    of    leaflets    more    or    less    regularly 

toothed,  at  least  above  the  middle.  (See 
Figs.  204,  234.)— 73. 

70.  Margins  of  leaflets  without  teeth,  at  least  none 

above  the  middle.    (See  Figs.  57,  235.) — 71. 

71.  Leaflets  commonly  with  one  or  more  irregular 

teeth  or  notches  near  the  base.  Fruit  nearly 
2  inches  long,  very  thin,  with  one  seed  near 
the  middle.  Cult,  and  escaped.  Native  in 
China.  (Figs.  57,  58.)  Tree  of  Heaven, 
Ailanthus,  Chinese  Sumach,  Ailanthus 
glandulosa  Desf. 

71.  Leaflets  without  the  basal  teeth.  Fruit  flat- 
tish,  usually  at  least  2  inches  long,  several 
seeded — 72. 

71.  Leaflets  without  the  basal  teeth.    Fruit  globu- 


38         KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

lar,  usually  less  than  |  of  an 
inch  thick — Sumach,  182. 

72.  Leaflets  opposite.  Bark  deeply 
furrowed — Locust,  181. 

72.  Leaflets       alternate.        Bark 

smooth  and  gray.  Tenn. 
and  adjoining  area,  also 
cult.  (Figs.  61,  62.)  Yel- 
low Wood,  Cladrastis  lutea 

(Michx.  f .)  Koch.  Yellow  Wood. 

73.  Juice  milky.     Pith  occupying  more  than  half 

the  diameter  of  the  youngest  branches — 
Sumach,  182. 

73.  Juice  not  milky.    Pith  not  occupying  half  the 

diameter  of  the  youngest  branches — 74. 

74.  Fruit  fleshy,  red,  globular;  less  than  \  inch 

thick;  in  flat-topped  clusters.  Leaflets  com- 
monly more  than  n.  Bark  of  trunk  usually 
smoothish — Mountain  Ash,  157. 

74.  Fruit  a  dry  nut,  \  inch  or  more  thick.    Leaflets 

either  less  than  u,  or  else  the  bark  of  the 
trunk  prominently  furrowed — 75. 

75.  Exterior  husk    of    fruit    not    splitting    away 

at  maturity.    Nut  roughened  with  jagged 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND  SPECIES        39 


Fig.  62.    Yellow  Wood. 

points  or  ridges.    Leaflets  usually  9  to  17 — 
Walnut,  1 06. 

75.  Exterior  husk  of  fruit  splitting  vertically  into 
4  parts  at  maturity.  Nut  smooth.  Leaflets 
usually  5  to  9 — Hickory,  107. 


PINE. — Leaves  needle-shaped,  2  to  5  in  a  cluster. 
Fruit  a  cone,  composed  of  woody  closely 


40        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


Fig.  63. 
White  Pine. 


Fig.  64. 
Yellow  Pine. 


'itch  Pine. 


Pitc 


crowded  and  overlapping  scales  at- 
tached to  all  sides  of  a  common 
(usually  short)  axis. 

76.  Leaves  5  in  a  cluster.  Throughout 
our  range.  (Figs.  63,  67.)  White 
Pine,  Soft  Pine,  Pinus  Strobus  L. 

76.  Leaves  commonly  3  in  a  cluster — 77. 

76.  Leaves  commonly  2  in  a  cluster — 79. 


77 


Fig.  66. 
Loblolly 
Pine.  Leaf 
cluster  and 
section  of 
a  leaf. 


Leaves  i  to  3  inches  long.     N.  J.  and 

southwestward.     (Fig.    64.)     Yellow    Pine, 
Shortleaf  Pine,  Pinus  echinata  Mill. 

77.  Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long — 78. 

77.  Leaves  6  to  9  inches  long.     Southern  N.  J. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES         41 

southward    along    the    coast.      (Fig.    66.) 
Loblolly  Pine,  Old-field  Pine,  Pinus  Taeda  L. 


i:-  !^IH 


Fig.  67.   White  Pine. 

78.  Sheaths  at  the  base  of  the  leaf-clusters  short. 
Cone  scales  with  a  short  rigid  prickle  at  the 


Fig.  68.    Pitch  Pine. 
tip.    New  Brunswick  southwestward.    (Figs. 


65,    68.)      Pitch 
rigida  Mill. 


Pine,    Hard   Pine,   Pinus 


42         KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

> 

78.  Sheaths  at  the  base  of  the  leaf-clusters  long. 

Cone  scales  with  a  small  weak  short  prickle 
at  the  tip.  N.  J.  southwestward.  (Fig.  64.) 
Yellow  Pine,  Shortleaf  Pine,  Pinus  echinata 
Mill. 

79.  Leaves  i  to  4  inches  long — 60. 
79.  Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long — 83. 

79.  Leaves  6  to  9  inches  long.  Southern  N.  J. 
southward  along  the  coast.  (Fig.  66.) 
Loblolly  Pine,  Old-field  Pine,  Pinus  Taeda  L. 


Fig.  69.  Table  Fig.  70.  Fig.  71.  North- 
Mountain  Pine.  Jersey  Pine.  ern  Scrub  Pine. 
Leaf  cluster  and  Leaf  cluster  and 
section  of  a  leaf.  section  of  a  leaf. 

80.  Cone  scales  with  a  small  weak  prickle  at  the 
tip.  N.  J.  southwestward.  Yellow  Pine, 
Shortleaf  Pine,  Pinus  echinata  Mill. 

80.  Cone  scales  with  a  strong  sharp  prickle  at  the 
tip — 81. 

80.  Cone  scales  usually  without  a  prickle — 82. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


43 


81.  Tip  of  the  cone  scales  with  a  stout  hooked 

prickle  or  spine  about  |  of  an  inch  long. 

Penn.  southwestward  along  the  mountains. 

(Fig.    69.)      Table    Mountain    Pine,    Pinus 

pungens  Lamb. 
81.  Tip  of  the  cone  scales  with  a  slender  prickle 

barely  f  of  an  inch  long.    Long  Island  south- 


Fig.  72.   Northern  Scrub  Pine. 

westward.    (Fig.   70.)    Jersey  Pine,  Scrub 
Pine,  Pinus  virginiana  Mill. 

82.  Cones  pointing  forward  towards  the  tip  of  the 
branch.  Northern  New  England  to  Mich, 
and  northward.  (Figs.  71,  72.)  Northern 
Scrub  Pine,  Gray  Pine,  Scrub  Pine,  Pinus 
Banksiana  Lamb. 

82.  Cones  pointing  backward.    Cult,  and  escaped. 


44 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


Native  in  Eurasia.  (Fig.  73.) 
Scotch  Pine,  "Scotch  Fir,"  Pinus 
sylvestris  L. 


83. 


Fig.  74.  Red  Pine. 

a.  Leaf  cluster. 

b.  Magnified 
cross-section  of 
a     leaf.      The 
shaded  portion 
is    the    central 
bundle  and  the 
small  circles  the 
resin  ducts,  c.  A 
similar    section 
of    Austrian 
Pine  leaf. 


Cones  about  2  inches 
long.  Young 
branches  somewhat 
orange-colored. 
Leaves  usually  shin- 
ing, slender,  and  scoSh  Pint 
flexible;  resin  ducts  Leaf  cluster 

•     -        and   section 

varying  in  number  Of  a  leaf. 
and  located  close 
to  the  surface.  New  England 
to  Penn.  and  northward.  (Fig. 
740,  b.)  Red  Pine,  Norway 
Pine,  Pinus  resinosa  Ait. 
Cones  2|  to  3  inches  long. 
Young  branches  grayish 
brown.  Leaves  usually  dull 
and  rigid;  resin  ducts  vary- 
ing in  number  and  located 
in  the  interior  of  the  leaf, 
midway  between  the  sur- 
face and  the  central  bun- 
dle. Leaves  otherwise  nearly 
as  in  Red  Pine.  Cult.  Na- 
tive in  southeastern  Europe. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


45 


(Fig.  74C.)  Austrian  Pine, 
Pinus  Laricio  var.  au- 
slriaca  Endl. 

LARCH. — Leaves  many  in  a  clus- 
ter, falling  from  the  tree 
in  the  autumn.  Fruit  a 
cone,  as  in  Pine. 

84.  Leaves  i  inch  or  less  in 
length.  Cones  \  to  f  of 
an  inch  long;  scales  few. 
Central  Penn.  northeast- 
ward and  northwestward. 
(Fig.  75.)  American  Larch,  Tamarack, 


Fig.  75- 
American  Larch. 


Fig.  76.     European  Larch. 

Hackmatack,     "  Juniper,"    Larix     laricina 
(Du  Roi)  Koch. 


46        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND  SPECIES 

84.  Leaves  i  inch  or  more  in  length.  Cones  about 
i  inch  long,  with  many  scales.  Cult.  Na- 
tive in  Europe.  (Fig.  76.)  European  Larch, 
Larix  decidua  Mill. 


SPRUCE. — Leaves  4-sided  or  4-angled,  attached  to 
all  sides  of  the  branch.  Fruit  a  cone,  as  in 
Pine. 

85.  Young  twigs  hairy — 86. 

85.  Young  twigs  smooth  or  nearly  so — 88. 

86.  Mature  cones  less  than  3  inches  long — 87. 

86.  Mature  cones  more  than  3 

inches  long.  Cult,  and  es- 
caped. Native  in  Europe. 
(Fig.  77.)  Norway  Spruce, 
Picea  Abies  (L.)  Karst. 

87.  Leaves  ^  to  f  of  an  inch  long, 

normally   all    curving    up-  Fig.  77. 

wards.  Cones  1 1  to  2  inches 
long,  commonly  not  remaining  attached  to 
the  branch  for,  more  than  one  year;  cone 
scales  usually  entire  at  the  margin.  Tree 
reaching  40  feet  or  more  in  height,  usually 
with  a  pyramidal  crown  and  growing  on 
uplands,  rarely  in  wet  places.  Penn.  and 
central  New  England  northwestward,  and 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND  SPECIES 


47 


in  the  mountains  to  Ga.  (Figs.  78,  79.) 
Red  Spruce,  Yellow  Spruce,  Picca  rubra 
(Du  Roi)  Dietr. 

87.  Leaves  |  to  f  of  an  inch  long.  Cones  \  to  \\ 
inches  long,  remaining  attached  to  the  branch 
for  many  years;  cone  scales  usually  with 
the  margin  irregularly  finely  toothed  (as  if 


Fig.  78. 
Red  Spruce. 


Fig.  79.    Red  Spruce. 

gnawed).  Tree  of  swamps  or  low  lands, 
rarely  on  uplands,  usually  with  a  columnar 
crown  and  less  than  30  feet  high.  Occa- 
sionally fruiting  when  only  3  or  4  feet  high. 
W.  Va.  northeastward  and  northwestward. 
(Fig.  80.)  Black  Spruce,  Swamp  Spruce, 
Bog  Spruce,  Picea  mariana  (Mill.)  BSP. 

88.  Leaves  pointed,  often  sharply — 89. 

88.  Leaves   blunt,  less   than    f  inch  long,  thick, 


48        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND    SPECIES 

dark  shining  green.  Occasionally  cult.  Na- 
tive in  western  Asia.  Oriental  Spruce,  Picea 
orlentalis  Carr. 


Fig.  80.  Black  Spruce. 
Showing,  leaf  arrange- 
ment, hairy  branchlet 
and  leaf  section. 


Fig.  81.     Colorado 
Blue  Spruce. 


89.  Foliage  bluish  green  or  silvery — 90. 

89.  Foliage  green.  Cones  4  to  7  inches  long.  Cult, 
and  escaped.  Native  in  Europe.  (Fig.  77.) 
Norway  Spruce,  Picea  Abies  (L.)  Karst. 


90.  Cones  i\  to  4  inches  long;  scales  distinctly 
longer  than  broad,  with  a  ragged  blunt  apex. 
Cult.  Native  in'  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
(Fig.  81.)  Colorado  Blue  Spruce,  Silver 
Spruce,  Picea  Menziesii  Engelm. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES        49 

90.  Cones  1 1  to  2  inches  long;  scales  rounded, 
not  ragged.  Foliage  usually  with  an  un- 
pleasant odor.  Northern  New  England 


Magnified  section 

of  leaf 
(diagram) 

Fig.  82.     White  Spruce.     Showing  leaf  arrangement, 
smooth  branchlet  and  leaf  section. 

northward  and  westward.  (Fig.  82.)  White 
Spruce,  Single  Spruce,  Skunk  Spruce,  Cat 
Spruce,  Picea  canadensis  (Mill.)  BSP. 


WILLOW. — Leaves  narrow,  except  in  Bay-leaved 
Willow.  Flowers  in  catkins.  Stamens  2  to  8. 
Bracts  not  fringed.  Fruit  a  small  elongated 
dry  pod.  Seeds  small,  with  long  hairs. 
Many  hybrids.* 

91.  Length  of  the  blade  not  more  than  3  times  its 
width.  Teeth  blunt  and  glandular,  15  to  20 

"The  Glaucous  Willow  (Salix  discolor  Muhl.),  the  Shining 
Willow  (S.  lucida  Muhl.),  including  also  a  variety  of  it,  and  the 
Balsam  Willow  (S.  balsamifera  Barratt)  are  generally  shrubs  and 
are  not  included  in  the  key.  All  of  these,  however,  may  assume 
a  tree-like  habit  along  our  northern  border.  See  Williams  in 
Rhodora  3:  277  (1901). 


5o        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND  SPECIES 

per  inch  of  margin.  Leaf-stalk 
with  glands  above.  Stamens  3  to 
5,  or  more.  Cult,  and  escaped. 
Native  in  Eurasia.  (Fig.  83.)  Bay- 
leaved  Willow,  Salix  pentandra  L. 

91.  Length  of  the  blade  at  least  4  times 

its  width— 92.  Fig  g3 

Bay-leaved 
Willow. 

92.  Stipules  usually  present.    No  glands 

on  the  leaf-stalk.    Teeth  15  to  30  per  inch  of 
margin.     Stamens  3  to  5  or  more — 93. 
92.  Stipules  usually  not  persistent.     Leaf- 
stalk generally  with  glands.     Nor- 
mally with  2  stamens — 95. 

Leaf-stalk  more  than  f  of  an  inch 
long.  Stipules  dropping  almost  as 
soon  as  the  leaf  expands.  Leaves 
from  3  to  5  times  as  long  as  wide, 
with  a  long  slender  point  and  small 
marginal  teeth.  Western  N.  Y., 
pgeach4-  western  Perm,  westward.  (Fig.  84.) 

leaved  Peach-leaved    Willow,    Almondleaf 

Willow. 

Willow,  Salix  amygdaloides  Anders. 

93.  Leaf-stalks  less  than  f  of  an  inch  long.     Stip- 

ules   usually    persisting    nearly    the    entire 
season — 94. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES         51 

94.  Leaves  whitish  and  veiny  beneath. 
Fruit  clusters  3  to  4  inches  long. 
Dry  fruits  &  to  1  of  an  inch 
long,  with  finely  granular  surface. 
Md.  and  Va.  southward  and 


westward.    (Fig.  85.)  Ward's  Wil- 


l 


low,  Salix  Wardi  Bebb. 
94.  Leaves  with  a  green  lower  surface, 
although    this    is    usually 
somewhat  paler   than   the 
upper  surface.    Fruit  clus- 
ters   i    to    3    inches   long. 
Dry  fruits  £  to  &  of  an 
inch  long,  with   a  smooth  Fig        8s 
surface.     Throughout    the    WardWil- 

low  a. 

H|      northeastern  states  and  into    Small  leaf. 
Fig  86  southern  New   Brunswick.    J3-  ,    Larse 

wakl         (FigSt  86'  87:}   Black  wa" 

low,  Salix  nigra  Marsh. 


Fig.  108.    Black  Walnut. 


52         KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


95.  Marginal  teeth  of  the  leaves  averag- 
ing 10  to  15  per  inch — 96. 

95.  Marginal  teeth  of  the  leaves  averag- 
ing 15  to  30  per  inch,  blunt — 97. 


96.  Length  of  the  leaf-blade  about  4 
times  the  width.  Marginal  teeth 
blunt.  Very  variable.  Cult,  and 
escaped.  Native  in  Eurasia.  (Fig. 
88.)  Crack  Willow,  Salix  fra- 
gilis  L. 

96.  Length  of  the  leaf-blade  about  8 
times  the  width;  lower  surface  of 
the  leaf  pale.  Marginal  teeth  sharp. 
Branches  pendulous.  Cult,  and  es- 
caped. Native  in  the  Caucasus. 
(Fig.  89.)  Weeping  Willow,  Napoleon's 
Willow,  Salix  babylonica  L. 


Fig.  88. 
Crack 
Willow. 


Fig.  89. 


Fig. 
ite  Wi 


90. 


Fig.  91. 


Weeping  Willow.  White  Willow.  Yellow  Willow.     Blue  Willow 


Fig.  92. 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES         53 

97.  Mature  leaves  silky  hairy  on  both  surfaces. 
Twigs  greenish.  Cult,  and  escaped.  Native 
in  Europe.  (Fig.  90.)  White  Willow,  Salix 
alba  L. 

97.  Mature  leaves  smooth.  Twigs  yellow  or  red- 
dish. Cult,  and  escaped.  (Fig.  91.)  Yellow 
Willow,  Salix  alba  var.  mtettina  (L.)  Koch. 

97.  Mature  leaves  smooth  and  bluish  green.  Twigs 
olive-green.  Cult,  and  escaped.  (Fig.  92.) 
Blue  Willow,  Salix  alba  var.  caerulea  (Sm.) 
Koch. 


POPLAR. — Leaves  wide.*  Flowers  in  catkins.  Sta- 
mens 8  or  more.  Bracts  fringed.  Fruit 
essentially  as  in  Willow. 

98.  Leaf  margins  irregularly  lobed 
or  toothed;  lower  surface 
white-cottony  even  when  old. 
Cult,  and  escaped.  Very  va- 
riable. Native  in  Eurasia. 
(Figs.  93,  94.)  White  Poplar, 
Abele,  Silver  Poplar,  Populus  ..., 

White  Poplar. 

alba  L. 

98.  Leaf  margins  regularly  (or  but  slightly  irregu- 

larly) toothed — 99. 

99.  Teeth  5  or  less  per  inch  of  margin.    Through- 

*  Sometimes  narrow  in  the  American  Aspen. 


54         KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


Fig.  94.    White  Poplar. 

out  the  range.     (Fig.  95.)     Large-toothed 
Aspen,  Large-toothed  Poplar,  Poplar,  Pop- 
ple, Populus  grandidentata  Michx. 
99.  Teeth  6  or  more  per  inch  of  margin — 100. 


Fig.  95- 

Large-toothed  Aspen. 


Fig.  96. 
American  Aspen. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND  SPECIES 


55 


100.  Leaf-stalk  prominently  flattened  in  a  plane 
at  right  angles  to  the  blade — 101. 

100.  Leaf-stalk  not  flattened,  or  but  very  slightly — 

104. 

101.  Blade  triangular,  triangularly  egg-shaped,  or 

rhombic — 102. 

1 01.  Blade  from  broad  heart-shaped  or  rounded  to 
lance-shaped   or   oblong,   usually   pointed. 


Fig.  97. 
Lombardy  Poplar. 


Fig.  98. 
Carolina  Poplar. 


Penn.  northward  and  westward.  (Fig.  96.) 
American  Aspen,  Quaking  Asp,  Trem- 
bling Poplar,  Tremble,  Populus  tremuloides 
Michx. 


102.  Crown  of  the  tree  very  narrow  and  spiry. 


56         KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

Branches  closely  ascending.  Leaves  com- 
monly broader  than  long.  Cult,  and  es- 
caped. Native  in  Asia.  (Fig.  97.)  Lom- 
bardy  Poplar,  Populus  nigra  var.  italica 
Du  Roi. 

102.  Crown  of  the  tree  not  spiry — 103. 

103.  Young  twigs  smooth.    Western  New  England 


Fig.  99.     Carolina  Poplar. 

southward  and  westward,  also  cult.  (Figs. 
98,  99.)  Carolina  Poplar,  Cottonwood, 
Necklace  Poplar,  Cotton-tree,  Populus  del- 
toides  Marsh. 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES         57 


103.  Young  twigs  hairy.     Occasionally  cult.     Na- 

tive in  Eurasia.     Black  Poplar,  Populus 
nigra  L. 

104.  Length    of   blade    about    twice    the    width.* 

Central  New  England  westward  and  north- 


Fig.  100.    Balsam  Poplar. 


Fig.  101.     Downy  Poplar. 


ward.  ( Fig.  100.)  Balsam  Poplar,  Tac- 
amahac,  Rough-barked  Poplar,  Populus 
balsamifera  L. 

104.  Length  of  blade  scarcely  greater    than   the 
width* — 105. 

*  The  leaves  of  the  Balsam  Poplar  are  sometimes  wide,  when 
they  may  closely  resemble  those  of  the  Balm  of  Gilead,  both  of 
which  have  fragrant  sticky  buds.  The  Balm  of  Gilead  leaf  has  a 
hairy  under  surface,  while  that  of  the  Balsam  Poplar  is  smooth 
and  with  a  more  or  less  metallic  luster. 


58         KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

105.  Apex  of  the  blade  blunt  or  rounded.      Conn, 
southward  along  the  coast,  also  in  the  Mis- 


Fig.  102.    Balm  of  Gilead. 

sissippi  valley.  (Fig.  101.)  Downy  Pop- 
lar, Swamp  Cottonwood,  River  Cotton- 
wood,  Populus  heterophylla  L. 
105.  Apex  of  the  blade  tapering  to  a  very  sharp 
point.  Cult,  and  escaped.  Probably  na- 
tive in  Eurasia.  (Fig.  102.)  Balm  of 
Gilead,  Balsam,  Populus  candicans  Ait. 

WALNUT. — Leaves  compound.  Leaflets  averaging 
ii  to  23.  Fruit  enclosed  in  a  husk  which 
does  not  split  open  at  maturity.  Nut 
roughened  with  sharp  points  or  ridges. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


59 


Fig.  103.    Butternut. 

Pith  of  twigs  appearing  as  if  made  up  of  a 
row  of  diaphragms  when  cut  longitudinally. 


Fig.  104.    Butternut.    Showing  pith  in  split  twig. 


60        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

106.  Leaflets  n  to  17,  sticky-hairy,  as  are  also  the 
leaf-stalks  and  young  fruits.  Fruit  oblong. 
New  Brunswick  southwestward.  (Figs.  103, 
104,  105.)  Butternut,  White  Walnut, 
Oilnut,  Juglans  cinerea  L. 


106.  Leaflets  15  to  23,  not  sticky.  Fruit  globular. 
Southwestern  New  England  and  central 
N.  Y.  southward  and  westward,  also  cult. 
(Figs.  106,  107,  108.)  Black  Walnut, 
Walnut,  Juglans  nigra  L. 

HICKORY. — Leaves  compound.  Leaflets  5  to  n. 
Fruit  husk  regularly  splitting  into  4  parts 
at  maturity.  Nut  smooth. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND  SPECIES        61 


Fig.  106.     Black  Walnut. 


Fig.  107.  Black  Walnut. 
Showing  the  pith  in  a 
split  twig. 


Fig.  108.    Black  Walnut. 


62        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

107.  Leaflets  averaging  5  to  7—108. 
107.  Leaflets  averaging  7  to  n — no. 


Fig.  109.     Shag-bark  Hickory   (lowest  pair  of  leaflets 
usually  pointing  backwards). 

108.  Leaflets  usually  5,  the  lowest  pair  much 
smaller.  Husk  of  fruit  more  than  |  of  an 
inch  thick.  Kernel  of  seed  sweet.  Bark  of 
old  trunks  separating  into  loose  plates. 
Central  Me.  to  southern  Quebec  and  south- 
westward.  (Figs.  109,  no.)  Shag-bark 
Hickory,  Shell-bark  Hickory,  Carya  ovata 
(Mill.)  K.  Koch. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES         63 

1 08.  Leaflets  5  or  7.      Husk  of  fruit  less  than  f  of 
an  inch  thick — 109. 


Fig.  no.     Shag-bark  Hickory. 

109.  Fruit  oblong,  an  inch  or  more  long.  Kernel 
of  seed  bitter.  Bark  in  close  rough  scaly 
ridges.  Central  New  England,  southern 


64        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


Fig.  in.    Pignut. 


Fig.  112.     Small- 
fruited  Hickory. 


Fig.  113.     Pignut. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES         65 

Ontario  southward  and  westward.  (Figs, 
in,  113.)  Pignut,  Brown  Hickory,  Carya 
glabra  (Mill.)  Spach. 

109.  Fruit  globular,  less  than  an  inch  in  length. 
Kernel  sweetish.  Bark  rough  and  some- 
what shaggy.  Central  New  England  south- 


Fig.  114.     Small-fruited  Hickory. 

ward  and  westward.  (Figs.  112,  114.) 
Small-fruited  Hickory,  Small  Pignut,  Little 
Shag-bark  Hickory,  Carya  microcarpa  Nutt. 

1 10.  Leaflets  glandular-hairy,  at  least  beneath, 
with  a  resinous  fragrance  when  crushed. 
Fruit  husk  more  than  £  of  an  inch  thick. 
Bark  hard  and  close,  not  separating  into 


66        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


Fig.  116.     Mockernut. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


67 


long  loose  plates.  Nut  about  i  inch  across, 
with  a  thick  shell.  Kernel  of  seed  sweet. 
Southern  New  England  southward  and 
westward.  (Figs.  115,  116.)  Mockernut, 
White-heart  Hickory,  Bullnut,  Carya  alba 
(L.)  K.  Koch. 


Bitternut  Hickory. 


no.  Leaflets  finely  hairy  only  when  young.  Fruit 
husk  less  than  f  of  an  inch  thick.  Bark 
hard  and  close,  not  separating  into  loose 
plates.  Nut  hardly  i  inch  across,  with  a 
thin  shell.  Kernel  of  seed  bitter.  South- 
western Me.  southward  and  westward. 
(Fig.  117.)  Bitternut,  Swamp  Hickory, 
Carya  cordiformis  (Wang.)  K.  Koch. 


68        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

no.  Leaflets  usually  somewhat  downy  beneath. 
Fruit  husk  more  than  £  of  an  inch  thick. 
Bark  of  medium  sized  trunks  forming  long 


Fig.  118.     Big  Shell-bark  Hickory. 

loose  plates.  Nut  i|  to  2  inches  across, 
with  a  thick  shell.  Kernel  of  seed  sweet. 
Western  N.  Y.  southwestward.  (Fig.  118.) 
Big  Shell-bark,  King  Nut,  Carya  ladniosa 
(Michx.  f.)  Loud. 

BIRCH.— Leaves  simple,  alternate.     Fruit  clusters 
cone-like.    Nuts  small,  winged. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES         69 


in.  Bark  dark  colored,  not  sepa- 
rable into  thin  papery  lay- 
ers. Young  twigs  strongly 
spicy-aromatic  when  the 
bark  is  bruised  or  broken. 
Western  Me.  southward 
and  westward.  (Figs.  119, 
120.)  Black  Birch,  Cherry 
Birch,  Sweet  Birch,  Betula 
lenta  L. 

in.  Bark  light  colored  (usually 
white,  yellowish,  or  pink- 
ish), rarely  dark,  except  in  young  trees; 


Birch 


Black 


Fig.  120.     Black  Birch.    Old  trunk. 

generally  separating,  or  separable,  on  me- 
dium sized  trunks,  into  thin  papery  lay- 
ers— 112. 


7o 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND  SPECIES 
t\ 


*».^^r 


Fig.  122.    Yellow  Birch. 


Fig.  124.     River  Birch.     Old  trunk. 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES         71 

112.  Papery  or  filmy  bark  yellowish,  silvery-gray, 
or  straw-color,  and  usually  shining.  Bark 
of  young  twigs  spicy-aromatic  when  bruised. 
Newfoundland  westward  and  southwest- 
ward.  (Figs.  121,  122.)  Yellow  Birch, 
Silver  Birch,  Betula  lutea  Michx.  f . 


River  Birch.    Young  trunk. 

112.  Papery  or  filmy  bark  varying  from  chalky- 

white  or  pink  to  bronze.  Bark  of  young 
twigs  not  distinctly  spicy-aromatic  when 
bruised — 113. 

113.  Papery  bark  pinkish  or  salmon-colored,  usu- 

ally separating  naturally  into  filmy  coils  or 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

fringes  on  trunks  and  branches  ranging  in 
size  from  2  to  8  inches,  or  more,  in  diameter. 
Leaves  more  or  less  rhombic,  occasionally 


Fig. 
Cut-leaved 
Birch. 


ig. 

Gray 

Birch. 


Fig.  128.*  Gray  Birch. 


Fig.  129.     Cut-leaved  Birch. 

somewhat   triangular,    almost   never   of   a 
regular  egg-shaped  outline.     N.  J.  south- 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES         73 

ward  and  westward,  also  locally  in  eastern 
Mass.  (Figs.  123,  124,  125.)  River  Birch, 
Red  Birch,  Betula  nigra  L. 

113.  Papery  bark  white  or  whitish,  rarely  as  dark 
as  bronze;  in  certain  species  not  separating 
spontaneously  into  filmy  coils  or  fringes — 
114. 


Fig.  130.  White  Birch  Fig.  131.    Cordate-leaved 

—Blue  Birch.  Birch. 


114.  Leaves  deeply  cut,  often  into  narrow  divisions. 
Cult.  (Figs.  126,  129.)  Cut-leaved  Birch, 
Betula  pendula  var.  dalecarlica  L. 

114.  Leaves  not  deeply  cut,  distinctly  triangular, 
usually  with  a  long  tapering  apex.  Prince 
Edwards  Island  to  Md.  (Figs.  127, 
128.)  Gray  Birch,  White  Birch,  Poverty 
Birch,  Old-field  Birch,  Betula  populifolia 
Marsh. 

114.  Leaves  neither  deeply  cut  nor  triangular — 115. 


74        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

115.  Young  branches  perfectly  smooth.  Northern 
New  England,  Quebec,  and  northwestward, 
(Fig.  130.)  White  Birch,  Blue  Birch,  Betula 
pendula  Roth. 

115.  Young  branches  minutely  hairy — 116. 


Fig.  132.     Cordate-leaved  Birch. 

116.  Branches  pendulous.*    Cult.    Weeping  Birch, 
Betula  alba  var.  pendula  Hort. 

116.  Branches  not  pendulous — 117. 

117.  Leaves  rounded  or  slightly  wedge-shaped  at 

base — 1 1 8. 

*  Betula  alba  var.  glutinosa  (Wallr.)  Traut.,  with  pendulous 
branches,  is  local  near  Mt.  Katahdin  and  in  Washington  Co.,  Me. 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


75 


117.  Leaves  broadly  egg-shaped,  heart-shaped   at 

base.  Newfoundland  to  northern 
New  England  and 
northward.  (Figs. 
131,  132).  Cordate- 
leaved  Birch,  Betula 
alba  var.  cordifolia 
Fig.  i33  Eu-  (Regel)  Fernald. 

ropean  Paper 
Birch. 

118.  Leaves   i|  to  2\  inches  long. 

Newfoundland  and  northern 

New    England    and    north-  Fis-  *34-    Ameri- 
can Canoe  Birch, 
ward,  also  cult.  (Fig.  133.) 

European  Paper  Birch,  Betula  alba  L. 


Fig.  135.     American  Canoe  Birch. 

118.  Leaves    2\  to  3^    inches    long.     Newfound- 
land to  Penn.,  thence  westward  across  the 


76         KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


continent.  (Figs.  134,  135.)  American 
Canoe  Birch,  Paper  Birch,  Canoe  Birch, 
White  Birch,  Betula  alba  var.  papyri/era 
(Marsh.)  Spach. 


ALDER. — Shrubby,  or  occasionally  small  trees. 
Flowers  in  catkins.  Fruit  clusters  cone- 
like. 


Fig.  136.    Downy 
Green  Alder. 


Fig.  137.     Speckled 
Alder. 


Fig.   138.     Euro- 
pean Black  Alder. 

1 19.  Leaves  broadest  at  the  middle  or  below — 120. 

119.  Leaves  broadest  above  the  middle — 121. 

120.  Flowers  in  the  spring.     Leaves  densely  soft- 

hairy  beneath.  Branchlets  hairy.  Mature 
fruit  5  to  f  of  an  inch  long.  Newfound- 
land to  western  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  (Fig.  136.) 
Downy  Green  Alder,  Alnus  mollis  Fernald. 
120.  Flowers  in  the  spring.  Leaves  somewhat 
hairy  or  rusty  beneath,  dark  green  above, 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


77 


with  impressed  veins.  Mature  fruit  \  to 
f  of  an  inch  long.  Usually  a  shrub.  Penn. 
and  northward.  (Fig.  137.  Commonly 
more  strongly  and  irregularly  lobed  than 
shown  in  the  illustration.)  Speckled  Alder, 
Hoary  Alder,  Alnus  ncana  (L.)  Moench. 
120.  Flowers  in  the  fall.  Leaves  usually  broadest 
at  the  middle,  and  smooth  on  both  surfaces, 


Fig.       140.        Fig.  141.    Pur- 
Fern-leaved  pie-  leaved 

Beech.  Beech. 


or  somewhat  rusty  beneath.  Mature  fruit 
f  to  i  inch  long.  Known  in  the  eastern 
states  only  from  Del.  and  eastern  Md. 
Seaside  Alder,  Alnus  maritima  (Marsh.) 
Muhl. 


121.  Leaves    fan-shaped    or    rounded.      Margins 
coarsely  toothed.    Cult,  and  escaped.    Na- 


78        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND  SPECIES 


Fig.  142.    Purple-leaved  Beech  (grafted). 

tive  in  Eurasia  and  Africa. 
(Fig.  138.)  European  Black 
Alder,  Alnus  vulgar  is  Hill. 
121.  Leaves  conspicuously  longer 
than  broad.  Margins  with 
very  small  teeth.  Me. 
southward  along  the  coast. 
(Fig.  139.)  Smooth  Alder, 
Alnus  rugosa  (Du  Roi) 
Spreng. 


Fig.  143.  Ameri- 
can Beech. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


70 


BEECH. — Leaves    simple,    alternate.      Bark    light 

gray,  without  furrows. 
122.  Leaves  very  variable,  commonly  deeply  cut 

into  slender  divisions.     Cult.     (Fig.   140.) 


Fig.  144.    American  Beech. 

Fern-leaved    Beech,  Fagus    sylvatica    var. 
heterophylla  Loud. 

122.  Leaves  not  deeply  cut — 123. 

123.  Leaves  purple,  red,  or  even  darker.     Cult. 

(Figs.    141,    142.)      Purple-leaved    Beech, 
Fagus  sylvatica  var.  purpurea  Ait. 


8o        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

123.  Leaves  green — 124. 

124.  With  9  to  14  pairs  of  side  veins  in  the  leaf, 

each  vein  ending  in  a  distinct  marginal 
tooth.  Leaves  2\  to  5  inches  long, 
width  about  half  the  length.  New  Bruns- 
wick southward  and  westward.  (Figs.  143, 
144.)  American  Beech,  Beech,  Red  Beech, 
White  Beech,  Fagus  grandifolia  Ehrh. 

NOTE. — The  American  Beech  normally  has  yellow- 
ish or  grayish  fruit  with  elongated  prickles. 
The  variety  caroliniana,  from  N.  J.  south- 
ward, has  a  dull  red  fruit  and  short 
prickles. 

124.  With  5  to  9  pairs  of  side  veins, 
each  vein  ending  either  in  or 
between  small  or  blunt  teeth, 
the  latter  often  entirely  absent 
and  the  margin  merely  wavy. 
Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long, 
width  £  the  length.  Cult. 
Native  of  Europe.  (Fig.  145.) 
European  Beech,  Fagus  sylvatica  L. 

NOTE. — The  common  Weeping  Beech  is  a  variety 
of  the  European  Beech,  with  drooping  or 
pendulous  branches. 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES         81 


CHESTNUT. — Leaves  long,  with  a  bristle  tipped 
tooth  at  the  end  of  each  side  vein.  Fruit  a 
bur,  an  inch  or  more  thick,  usually  con- 
taining from  i  to  3  pointed  nuts. 

125.  Nut  usually  \   to  f   of  an  inch  broad,  and 
/  with  2  or  3  in  a  bur.    Leaves  smooth. 

Southwestern  Me.  southward  and 
westward.  (Figs.  146,  147.)  Amer- 
ican Chestnut,  Chestnut,  Castanea 
dentata  (Marsh.)  Borkh. 


Fig.  146.  Ameri- 
can Chestnut. 


Fig.  147.     American  Chestnut. 


125.  Nut  usually  less  than  |  inch  broad,  and 
solitary  in  the  bur.  Leaves  downy-hairy 
beneath.  Usually  a  shrub.  N.  J.  south- 
ward and  westward.  (Fig.  148.)  Chinqua- 
pin, Dwarf  Chestnut,  Castanea  pumila  (L.) 
Mill.  ' 

125.  Nut  usually  more  than  |  of  an  inch  broad. 
Cult.  (The  leaves  of  this  species  are  shaped 


82        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


much  like  those  of  the  American 
Chestnut,  except  at  the  variable 
base.)  Native  in  Eurasia  and 
Africa.  European  Chestnut,  Cas- 
tanea  sativa  Mill. 

NOTE. — Certain  Japanese  Chestnuts  (Fig. 
149)  are  occasionally  cultivated 
within  our  range;  these  can  usu- 
ally be  recognized  by  the  very 
large  bur,  sometimes  4  or  more 
inches  in  thickness,  also  by  the  small 
but  prominently  bristle-tipped  teeth 
of  the  leaf  margin,  and  the  rounded  or 
often  auriculate  base  of  the  blade. 

Fig.  149. 
Japanese 
Chestnut. 

OAK. — Leaves  simple,  alternate.    Fruit  a  nut  sur- 
**••      .  rounded  at  the  base  by  a  cup  composed  of 

closely  overlapping  scales ;  commonly  known 

as  an  acorn. 
126.  Leaves  without  lobes  or  marginal  teeth — 127. 

126.  Leaves  either  lobed  or  toothed,  or  both — 128. 

127.  Mature  leaves  of  fruiting  branches  usually  an 

inch   or  more  wide  near  the  middle,  and 
about  3  times  as  long  as  broad.*     Perm. 

*  Some  leaves  may  occasionally  be  somewhat  lobed. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND  SPECIES 


westward    and    southward,    also    local    in 
eastern  Mass.     (Figs.    150,    151.)     Laurel 
Oak,    Shingle    Oak,    Quercus    imbricaria 
Michx. 
127.  Mature  leaves  of  fruiting  branches  less  than 


Fig.  151.     Laurel  Oak. 


an  inch  wide  at  the  middle,  and  about  5 
times  as  long  as  broad.*  N.  J.  southward 
and  westward.  (Fig.  152.)  Willow  Oak, 
Peach  Oak,  Quercus  p hello s  L. 
127.  Mature  leaves  of  fruiting  branches 
usually  broad  and  rounded  in  the 
upper  third,  often  with  a  tendency 
to  become  3-lobed  near  the  apex.* 
Del.  southward,  also  in  the  lower 
Mississippi  valley.  (Fig.  153.)  Willow 
Water  Oak,  Quercus  nigra  L. 

*  Leaves  of  vigorous  shoots  are  often  strongly  and  sharply  lobed. 


84        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

128.  Lobes  or  marginal  teeth  ending  in  a  bristle— 
129. 

128.  Lobes  or  marginal  teeth  not  ending  in  a  bris- 
tle—135. 


Fig.  153-  Fig-  154- 

Water  Oak. 


Fig.  157.    Black  Oak. 

129.  Lower  surface  of  mature  leaves  smooth,  or 

nearly  so — 130. 
129.  Lower  surface  of  mature  leaves  hairy — 133. 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES         85 

130.  Acorn  cup  covering  about  half  the  nut — 
131- 

130.  Acorn  cup  shallow  and  broad,  covering  con- 

siderably less  than  half  the  nut — 132. 

131.  Inner  (or  upper)  thin  scales 

of  the  cup  finely  hairy, 
and  the  tips  loosely  over- 
lapping. Buds  usually 
pointed  and  woolly-hairy 
all  over,  somewhat  an- 
gular in  cross  section. 
Inner  bark  yellowish- 
orange  and  very  bitter. 
Southern  Me.  southward 
and  westward.  (Figs.  154, 
157.)  Black  Oak,  Yellow-  Fig"  is8' 
bark  Oak,  Yellow  Oak,  Quercus  velutina 
Lam. 

131.  Inner  (or  upper)  thin  scales  of  the  cup  smooth 
or  essentially  so,  and  the  tips  very  snugly 
overlapping.  Buds  usually  blunt,  hairy 
only  near  the  tip,  not  usually  angular  in 
cross  section.  Inner  bark  reddish,  not 
bitter.  Southern  Me.  southward  and  west- 
ward. (Fig.  155.)  Scarlet  Oak,  Quercus 
coccinea  Muench.* 

*  See  note  on  page  86. 


86        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

132.  Acorn  small,  less  than  £  of  an  inch  long. 
Mass,  southward  and  westward.  (Fig.  156.) 
Pin  Oak,  Quercus  palustris  Muench. 


.tri 

Fig.  159.    Red  Oak. 

132.  Acorn  large,  more  than  £  of  an  inch  long. 
Throughout  our  range.  (Figs.  158,  159.) 
Red  Oak,  Quercus  rubra  L* 

*The  Gray  Oak  (Quercus  rubra  var.  ambigua  (Michx.  f.)  Fer- 
nald),  with  the  fruit  of  the  Scarlet  Oak  and  the  foliage'  of  the  Red 
Oak,  occurs  along  the  northern  range  of  the  Red  Oak  and  is  usually 
regarded  as  a  variation  of  that  species. 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES         87 

133.  Leaf  lobes  usually  longer  than  broad  and 
tapering  more  or  less  regularly  to  long  sharp 
points.  N.  J.  southward,  also  in  the  lower 


Fig.  160.    Spanish  Oak. 

Mississippi   valley.      (Fig.    160.)      Spanish 
Oak,  Quercus  falcata  Michx. 

133.  Leaf  lobes  usually  broader  than  long — 134. 

134.  Blade  not  six  times  as  long  as  the  leaf-stalk. 

Leaves  generally  angularly  lobed,  broadest 
near  the  middle,  grayish  white-hairy  be- 
neath. Northeastern  states.  (Fig.  161.) 
Scrub  Oak,  Bear  Oak,  Barren  Oak,  Quercus 
ilicifolia  Wang. 
134.  Blade  more  than  six  times  as  long  as  the  leaf- 


88        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


Fig.  161. 
Scrub  Oak. 


Fig.  162.    Black  Jack 
Oak  (with  bristles). 


Fig.  163.    Black  Jack 
Oak  (without bristles). 


135- 


135- 


stalk.  Leaves  greatly  broadened  at  the 
apex,  usually  with  no  pronounced  lobes; 
lower  surface  rusty-hairy.  Long  Island 
southward  and  westward.  (Figs.  162,  163.) 
Black  Jack  Oak,  Jack 
Oak,  Quercus  marilandica 
Muench. 


Lower  surface  of  the  mature 
leaves  smooth,  or  nearly 
so — 136. 

Lower  surface  of  the  mature 
leaves  hairy — 140. 


136.  Leaf-margins  with  many 
coarse  rounded  teeth  which 
do  not  reach  more  than  | 
of  the  distance  to  the  midrib — 137. 

136.  Leaf-margins  lobed — 138. 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES         89 

137.  Mature  acorn  cups  more  than  i  inch  broad. 
Del.,  Md.,  southward.  The  leaves  of  this 
species  are  much  like  those  of  a  Chestnut 
Oak  (See  Fig.  164),  but  with  pointed  teeth. 
Cow  Oak,  Basket  Oak  Quercus  Michauxii 
Nutt. 

137.  Mature  acorn  cups  less  than  i  inch  broad. 


Fig.  165.     Chestnut  Oak. 


Fig.  166. 
English  Oak. 


Southern  Me.  and  N.  H.  southward.  (Figs. 
164,  165.)  Chestnut  Oak,  Rock  Oak, 
Rock  Chestnut  Oak,  Quercus  Prinus  L. 

138.  Base  of  the  blade  pointed — 139. 

138.  Base   of   the   blade   ear-shaped    (auriculate). 

Cult.    Native  in  Europe.     (Figs.  166,  167.) 

English  Oak,  Quercus  Robur  L. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


NOTE. — A  less  common  variety  of  the  English  Oak 
(var.  sessiliflord)  occasionally  has  a  tapering 
base  to  the  blade,  when  it  closely  resembles 
the  leaf  of  the  White  Oak.  The  tree  may 
generally  be  distinguished  from  the  latter 
by  the  rather  firm  prominently  furrowed 


Fig.  167.    English  Oak. 

dark  bark;  the  bark  of  the  White  Oak  being 
light  gray  with  a  tendency  to  become  flaky 
or  scaly  on  trunks  and  branches  from  4  to 
10  inches  in  diameter,  rather  than  furrowed. 

139.  Acorn  broader  than  high.  Southern  N.  J. 
southward  and  westward.  (Fig.  168.) 
Overcup  Oak,  Swamp  Post  Oak,  Water 
White  Oak,  Quercus  lyrata  Walt. 

139-  Acorn    higher    than    broad.      Central    New 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND  SPECIES        91 

England  southward  and  westward.     (Figs. 
169,  170.)    White  Oak,  Quercus  alba  L. 

140.  Deepest  marginal  indentations  usually  not 
reaching  more  than  i  of  the  distance  to 
the  midrib — 141. 


Fig.  168.    Overcup  Oak.  Fig.  169.    White  Oak. 

140.  Deepest  marginal  indentations  usually  reach- 

ing |    of    the    distance  to  the  midrib  or 
more,  at  least  in  most  of  the  leaves — 143. 

141.  Fruit-stalk  much  longer  than  the  leaf-stalk. 

Southern   Me.    southward   and   westward. 
(Fig.   171.)     Swamp  White  Oak,  Swamp 
Oak,  Quercus  bicolor  Willd. 
141.  Fruit-stalk  shorter  than  the  leaf-stalk — 142. 


92        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

142.  Leaf-margins  with  many  coarse  rounded  teeth. 
Leaf-base  tapering.  Southern  Me.  south- 
ward and  westward.  (Figs.  164,  165.) 
Chestnut  Oak,  Rock  Oak,  Rock  Chestnut 
Oak,  Quercus  Prinus  L. 

142.  Leaf-margins  with  many  coarse  sharp  teeth. 


White  Oak. 


Leaf-base  tapering.  Vt.  and  southward, 
mainly  along  the  mountains.  (Fig.  172. 
Leaves  often  wider  than  shown  in  the  illus- 
tration.) Yellow  Oak,  Chinquapin  Oak, 
Chestnut  Oak,  Quercus  Muhlenbergii  En- 
gelm. 
142.  Leaf-margins  with  angles  or  lobes  rather  than 


94        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND  SPECIES 


Fig.  176.  American 
Elm.  a.  Fruit, 
b.  Leaf. 


American  Elm. 


143- 


Fig.  177- 

covering  more  than  half  of  the  nut.  Nova 
Scotia  to  Manitoba  and  southward  to 
Penn.  and  Tenn.  Rather  local  in  New 
England.  (Figs.  173,  174.)  Bur  Oak, 
Mossy-cup  Oak,  Overcup  Oak,  Quercus 
macrocarpa  Michx. 
Scales  of  the  cup  not  awned. 
Cup  usually  covering  less 
than  half  of  the  nut.  Mass. 
southward  and  westward. 
"(Fig.  175.)  Post  Oak,  Box 
White  Oak,  Quercus  stellata 
Wang. 


ELM. — Leaves  simple,  alternate, 
with  straight  side  veins, 
doubly-toothed  margins, 
and  an  unsymmetrical  base.  Fruit  strongly 


Fig.  178.  Cork  Elm. 
a.  Leaf.  b.  Fruit. 


144. 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES         95 

flattened,  with  a  broad  thin  wing  surround- 
ing the  single  seed,  the  wing  notched  at  the 
apex,  and  the  notch  usually  closed  above. 
Mature  fruit  hairy-fringed  along  the  margin — 
145. 


Fig.  179.     Cork  Elm. 

144.  Mature  fruit  not  hairy-fringed  along  the  mar- 

gin—146. 

145.  Mature  fruit  less  than  \  inch  long,  surfaces 

without  hairs.    Side  veins  of  the  leaf  usually 


96        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


less  than  18  pairs.  Throughout  our  range. 
(Figs.  176,  177.)  American  Elm,  White 
Elm,  Elm,  Ulmus  americana  L. 


Fig.  180.    Slippery  Elm.     a.  Leaf.    b.  Fruit. 


Fig.  181.    Slippery  Elm.    Old  Tree. 

145.  Mature  fruit  more  than  |  inch  long,  slightly 
hairy  all  over.    Side  veins  of  the  leaf  usually 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES        97 

more  than  18  pairs.  Western  New  England 
westward  and  southward .  (Figs .  178,179.) 
Cork  Elm,  Rock  Elm,  Northern  Cork  Elm, 
Ulmus  racemosa  Thomas. 

146.  Mature    fruit    not    hairy 

—147. 
146.  Seed  portion  of    the  fruit 

hairy,  elsewhere  without    | 

hairs.        Central      New 

England  southward  and 

westward.      (Figs.    180, 

181.)  Slippery  Elm,  Red  Fig.  182.  English  Elm. 

i7i       TT7         f  i     TV/T-  u          a- Leaf-    b-  Fruit- 
Elm,  Ulmus fulva  Michx. 


Fig.  183.     English  Elm. 


98        KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


Fig.  184.    Wych  Elm. 


Fig.  185.    Wych  Elm. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


99 


147.  Veins  in  the  longer  side  of  the  leaf  1 1  or  less. 

Cult.      Native    in    Eurasia    and    northern 

Africa.      (Figs.    182,    183.)     English  Elm, 

Ulmus  campestris  L. 
147.  Veins  in  the  longer  side  of  the  leaf  1 2  or  more. 

Leaves    sometimes    slightly    lobed    above. 

Occasionally    cult.      Native    in    Eurasia. 

(Figs.  184,  185.)     Wych  Elm,  Scotch  Elm, 

Ulmus  montana  With. 

MULBERRY. — Leaves  alternate,  broad,  often  lobed. 
Fruit  in  general  appearance  suggesting  a 


Fig.  186.    White  Mulberry. 

blackberry  (except  perhaps  in  color),  though 
technically  quite  different. 
148.  Leaves  smooth,  usually  shining.    Fruit  whit- 


TOO       KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


ish  or  pinkish.    Cult,  and  escaped. 


in  China.     (Figs.    186,    187 
Mulberry,  Morus  alba  L. 
148.  Leaves  rough,  usually  downy- 
hairy  beneath.    Fruit  dark 
purple     or     nearly    black. 
Western     New     England 
southward    and   westward 
also  cult.    (Figs.  189,  190.) 
Red  Mulberry,  Black  Mul- 
berry, Moms  r  libra  L. 


188.) 


Native 
White 


While 


Mulberry. 


MAGNOLIA. — Leaves  of  many  species  very  large. 
Margins  without  teeth.    Flowers  large  and 


Fig.  188.  White  Mulberry. 
conspicuous.  Fruit  cone-like, 
ing  from  the  mature 


from 
threads. 


Seeds  hang- 
fruit    by    slender 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES       101 


Fig.  190.    Red  Mulberry.  Fig.  191.    Umbrella  Tree. 


102       KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

149.  Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves  in  early 
spring.  Cultivated  for  ornament  only. 
Small  trees  or  shrubs.  Various  Chinese 
and  Japanese  Magnolias. 

149.  Flowers  not  appearing  until  the  leaves  have 

expanded.  Native  in  the  eastern  U.  S. 
and  cult. — 150. 

150.  Leaves  i  to  2  feet  long,  pointed  at  both  ends, 

crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  in 
umbrella-like  clusters.  Flowers  3  to  5 
inches  long.  Southern  Penn.  southward  and 
westward.  (Fig.  191.)  Umbrella  Tree, 
Magnolia  tripetala  L. 

150.  Leaves    not    crowded    at    the    ends    of    the 

branches,  but  scattered  along  the  sides 
—151- 

151.  Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long,  blunt  at  the  apex, 

whitish  beneath.  Flowers  globular,  fra- 
grant, white,  2  inches  long.  Usually  a  shrub. 
N.  Y.  southward,  also  local  in  eastern  Mass. 
(Fig.  192.)  Sweet  Bay,  Sweet  Magnolia, 
Magnolia  mrginiana  L. 

151.  Leaves  6  to  10  inches  long,  pointed  at  the 
apex,  not  conspicuously  whitened  be- 
neath. Flowers  shaped  like  a  narrow  bell, 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES       103 


greenish  yellow,  2  inches  long.  West- 
ern N.  Y.  southward  and  westward. 
(Fig.  193.)  Cucumber  Tree,  Magnolia  acu- 
minata  L. 

151.  Leaves  i  to  3  feet  long,  somewhat  clustered, 
heart-shaped   at   the   base,   whitened   and 


Fig.  192.     Sweet  Bay. 


Fig.  193.     Cucumber  Tree. 


hairy  beneath.  Flowers  broad  bell-shaped, 
white  (with  purple  spots  at  the  base), 
about  6  inches  long.  Ky.  southward. 
(Fig.  194.)  Great-leaved  Magnolia,  Great- 
leaved  Umbrella  Tree,  Magnolia  macro- 
phylla  Michx. 


io4       KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

APPLE,  PEAR,  QUINCE.— Leaves  simple.  Fruit 
fleshy,  containing  5  thin-walled  compart- 
ments with  about  2  seeds  in  each. 

152.  Leaf  margins  toothed— 153- 

152.  Leaf    margins    not    toothed,    lower    surface 

woolly.  Cult.  (Fig. 
195.)  Quince,  Pyrus 
Cydonia  L. 

153.  Leaves  woolly  or  vel- 

vety-hairy beneath. 
Fruit  globular,  with 
a  depression  at  both 
ends.  Cult,  and  oc- 
casionally growing 
wild.  (Figs.  196, 
197.)  Apple,  Pyrus 
Mains  L. 

153.  Leaves     smooth     be- 

neath, or  nearly  so 

'  .  I54«  Fig.  194.     Great-leaved 

Magnolia. 

154.  Some  of  the  leaves  very  irregularly  toothed, 

or  even  lobed  and  toothed.  Branches  some- 
times prolonged  into  short  thorns.  Fruit 
an  inch  or  more  long,  with  a  depression  at 
each  end.  N.  J.  westward  and  southward. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

(Fig.  198.)  American  Crab, 
Sweet  Crab,  Pyrus  corona- 
ria  L.  M 

154.  Leaves       somewhat         regularly 
toothed,  not  lobed — 155. 


155.  Fruit  narrower  towards  the  base.  Fig.  195. 
Cult.  (Figs.  199,  201.)  Pear,  Quince" 
Common  Pear,  Pyrus  communis  L. 


Fig.  196.    Apple.  Fig.  197.    Apple. 

155.  Fruit  about  an  inch  in  diameter,  not  narrower 

towards  the  base — 156. 

156.  Fruit  yellow  with  a  red  cheek.     Cult,  and 

occasionally  escaped  in  New  England.  Na- 
tive in  Asia.  (Fig.  200.)  Siberian  Crab, 
Pyrus  baccata  L. 


io6       KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


156.  Fruit   greenish.     Along   rivers,  N.  J.  south- 
ward and  westward.    (Fig.  202.)    Narrow- 


199.  Fig.  200. 

r.  Siberian  Crab. 


Fig.  202. 
Narrow- 
leaf   Crab. 


Fig.  201.    Pear. 

leaf    Crab,    Southern   Crab   Apple,   Pyrus 
angustifolia  Ait. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES       107 

MOUNTAIN  ASH. — Leaves  compound.  Fruit  red, 
fleshy,  with  a  core  like  an  Apple  or  Pear.* 

157.  Fruit  about  |  inch  thick,  in  flat-topped 
clusters.  Leaflets  smooth,  lance-shaped, 


Fig.  203.    Ameri- 
can Mountain  Ash. 


Fig.  204.    Western 
Mountain  Ash. 


Fig.  205.    Euro- 
'    pean     Moun- 
tain Ash. 


taper-pointed.  Labrador  to  northern  New 
England  and  northwestward.  (Fig.  203.) 
American  Mountain  Ash,  Round-wood, 
Pyrus  americana  (Marsh.)  DC. 

*  Pyrus  hybrida  L.,  with  the  leaves  compounded  (pinnately) 
only  at  the  base,  is  a  local  escape  in  Maine. 


io8       KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


157.  Fruit  about  ^  of  an  inch  thick,  in  flat-topped 
clusters.  Leaflets  smooth,  oblong,  abruptly 
pointed.  Labrador  through  central  Me. 
westward  and  northward;  also  cult.  (Fig. 
204.)  Western  Mountain  Ash,  Elder- 
leaved  Mountain  Ash,  Pyms  sitchensis 
(Roem.)  Piper. 

157.  Fruit  about  \  inch  thick,  in  convex  clusters. 
Leaflets  oblong,  usually  blunt,  lower  sur- 
face and  leaf-stalks  hairy.  Cult,  and  es- 
caped. Native  in  Eurasia.  (Fig.  205.) 
European  Mountain  Ash,  Rowan  Tree, 
Pyrus  Aucuparia  (L.)  Ehrh. 


JUNEBERRY.— Fruit  fleshy,  rarely  more  than  f  of 
an  inch  thick, 
containing  10 
one-seeded  com- 
partments at 
maturity. 

158.  Mature  leaves 
smooth',*  usually 
rounded  or  heart- 
shaped  at  base 


and  pointed  at 


Fig.  206.    Shad  Bush. 


*A  variety  of  the  Shad  Bush  (var.  tomentula  Sarg.),  from 
southwestern  Maine,  southward  and  westward,  usually  has  the 
leaves  hairy  when  mature. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES       109 


apex.  Petals  white,  |  inch  or  more  long. 
Throughout  our  range.  (Fig.  206.)  Shad 
Bush,  Service  Berry,  Amelanchier  canaden- 
sis  (L.)  Medic. 

158.  Mature    leaves   usually   rounded 

at  both  ends  or  with  an  abrupt 
bristle-like  apex;  commonly 
more  or  less  hairy  until  old. 
Petals  white,  less  than  |  inch 
long.  New  Brunswick  south- 
ward and  westward.  (Fig.  207.) 
Dwarf  Juneberry,  Amelanchier 
oblongifolia  (T.  &  G.)  Roem.  berry. 

THORN. — Leaves  simple.  Fruit  fleshy,  globular, 
rarely  more  than  f  of  an  inch  thick.  Seeds 
i  to  5,  each  enclosed  in  a  bony  seed-like 
stone.  Many  species  are  recognized.  Most- 
ly thorny  shrubs,  but  the  following  occa- 
sionally become  small  trees.  Mature  fruit 
is  generally  essential  for  identification. 

159.  Leaves    deeply    cut    into    several    sparingly 

toothed  segments.  Fruit  usually  with  one 
stone.  Cult,  and  escaped.  Native  in 
Eurasia  and  northern  Africa.  (Fig.  208.) 
English  Hawthorn,  Crataegus  monogyna 
Jacq. 
159.  Leaves  not  deeply  cut,  indentations  reaching 


i  io       KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


less  than  half  way  to  the  midrib, 
with  2  or  more  stones — 160. 


Fruit 


160.  Stones  2  or  3,  each  with  2  prominent  depres- 
sions on  the  inner  side.  Leaves  leathery, 
shining  above.  Nova  Scotia  westward  and 


Fig.  208.     English 
Hawthorn. 


Fig.  209.     Crataegus 
macracantha. 


southward.     (Fig.  209.)     Crataegus  macra- 
cantha Lodd. 

160.  Stones  without  deep  depressions  on  the  inner 
side — 161. 


161.  Flowers  and  fruits  generally  3  to  7  in  a  clus- 
ter. Leaf-stalks  with  glands.  Central 
New  England  to  N.  C.  Scarlet  Thorn, 
Scarlet  Haw,  Red  Haw,  White  Thorn, 
Crataegus  coccinea  L. 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES       in 


161.  Flowers  generally  more  than  7  in  a  cluster — 
162. 


Fig.  210.    Cock- 
spur  Thorn. 


Fig.  211.    Crataegus 
pruinosa. 


162.  Leaves  broadest  above  the  middle.  Western 
New  England  southward  and  westward. 
Also  cult.  (Fig.  210.)  Cock-spur  Thorn, 
Red  Haw,  Newcastle  Thorn,  Thorn  Plum, 
Crataegus  Crus-galli  L. 

162.  Leaves  broadest  at  the  middle  or  below — 163. 

163.  Mature  leaves  smooth — 164. 

163.  Mature  leaves  hairy,  at  least  along  the  veins 

beneath — 168. 

164.  Leaves  broadest  at  the  middle.  Vt.  Crataegus 

Oakesiana  Eggl. 

164.  Leaves  broadest  towards  the  base — 165. 

165.  Fruit  firm  when  ripe.     Leaves  bluish  green. 

Western    New    England    southward    and 


ii2      KEY  TO  GENERA  AND  SPECIES 

westward.  (Fig.  211.)  Crataegus  pruinosa 
(Wendl.)  C.  Koch. 

165.  Fruit  soft  when  ripe — 166. 

166.  Calyx  lobes  finely  toothed.     Stones  usually 

4  or  5—167. 

166.  Calyx  lobes  toothed.     Stones  usually  3  or  4. 

Nova  Scotia  to  the  Great  Lakes  and  south- 
ward in  the  mountains.  Crataegus  macro- 
sperma  Ashe. 

167.  Upper  surface  of  the  mature  leaves  smooth. 

R.  I.  to  Montreal  southward  and  westward. 
Crataegus  coccinioidcs  var.  dilatata  (Sarg.) 
Eggl. 

167.  Upper  surface  of  the  mature  leaves  rough. 

Conn,  to  Del.  and  111.  Crataegus  pedicillata 
Sarg. 

168.  Leaves  broadest  at  the  middle — 169. 

168.  Leaves  broadest  towards  the  base — 170. 

169.  Leaves  broadly  egg-shaped  to  round.      Fruit 

less    than  £  inch  thick.      Stones  I  of  an 
inch   long.       Nova   Scotia   to   Minn,    and 
southward   in   the   mountains.     Crataegus 
rotundifolia  Moench. 
169.  Leaves    narrowly    egg-shaped.      Fruit    more 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES       113 

than  \  inch  thick.  Stones  f  of  an  inch 
long.  Southern  Me.  and  up  the  Kennebec 
river.  Crataegus  Jonesae  Sarg. 

170.  Mature  leaves  smooth  above,  or  nearly  so — 
171. 

170.  Mature  leaves  hairy  or  woolly,  or  roughened, 

above — 173. 

171.  Leaves  longer  than  broad — 172. 

171.  Leaves  about  as  long  as  broad.     Western 


Fig.  212.     Crataegus  Pringlei. 

New  England  to  Penn.  and  Lake  Michigan. 
(Fig.  212.)    Crataegus  Pringlei  Sarg. 

172.  Flower  and  fruit-stalks  very  hairy.  North- 
ern New  England  and  N.  Y.  northward  to 
the  St.  Lawrence.  Crataegus  anomala  Sarg. 

172.  Flower  and  fruit-stalks  nearly  smooth.    New 


ii4       KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

England  southward  and  westward.    Cratae- 
gus  Holmesiana  Ashe. 


Fig.  213.    Crataegus  Fig.  214.    Crataegus 

Arnoldiana.  submollis. 

173.  Fruit   pear-shaped    or   somewhat   elongated, 
ripening  in  September  and  October — 174. 

173.  Fruit  globular,  ripening  in  August.    Local  in 

southern  New  England.   (Fig.  213.)    Cratae- 
gus Arnoldiana  Sarg. 

174.  Leaves  thickish  or  somewhat  leathery.    North- 

western Vt.  Crataegus  Champlainensis  Sarg. 
174.  Leaves  thin.    Southern  Me.  to  central  N.  Y. 
and  northward  to  the  St.  Lawrence.     (Fig. 
214.)    Crataegus  submollis  Sarg. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES       115 


CHERRY,  PLUM,  PEACH. — Leaves  simple.  Fruit 
fleshy  or  juicy,  with  a  stony  seed-like  in- 
terior which  encloses  a  single  seed. 


Fig.  215.  Choke  Cherry, 
a.  Leaf.  b.  Four  teeth 
enlarged. 


Fig.  216.  Black  Cherry, 
a.  Leaf.  b.  Two  teeth 
enlarged. 


175.  Flower   and   fruit-stalks   numerous,    about  \ 
of  an  inch  long,  arranged  along  the  sides 


Fig.  217.    Black  Cherry. 

of  a  common  much  elongated  axis.     Fruit 
about  I  of  an  inch  thick — 176. 


ii6       KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

175.  Flower  and  fruit-stalks  apparently  arising 
from  a  common  point,  or  else  from  an  axis 
hardly  longer  than  the  long  individual 
flower  and  fruit-stalks — 177. 


Fig.  218.    Peach.  Fig.  219.    Peach. 

176.  Marginal  teeth  of  the  leaves  very  sharply 
pointed.  Newfoundland  southward  and 
westward.  (Fig.  215.)  Choke  Cherry, 
Prunus  virginiana  L. 

176.  Marginal  teeth  of  the  leaves  blunt,  incurved, 
or  glandular.  New  Brunswick  southward 
and  westward.  (Figs.  216,  217.)  Black 
Cherry,  Wild  Black  Cherry,  Rum  Cherry, 
Prunus  serotina  Ehrh. 


177.  Flower  and  fruit-stalks  very  short,  I  of  an 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES       117 


inch  or  less.  Leaves  narrow.  Fruit  velvety- 
hairy,  i  inch  or  more  thick;  stone  corru- 
gated.    Cult.     (Figs.   218,    219.)     Peach, 
Prunus  Persica  (L.)  Stokes. 
177.  Flower  and  fruit-stalks  conspicuous,  or  elon- 


Fig.  220.   Wild  Red  Cherry. 
(Leaves  variable.) 


Fig.  221.     Wild 
Plum. 


gated.    Fruit  smooth,  stone  not  corrugated 
-178. 

178.  Teeth  of  the  leaves  sharply  pointed.  Fruit 
red,  about  j  of  an  inch  thick.  Labrador 
westward  and  southward  to  Penn.  (Fig. 
220.)  Wild  Red  Cherry,  Pin  Cherry,  Pigeon 
Cherry,  Bird  Cherry,  Fire  Cherry,  Prunus 
pennsyhanica  L.  f. 

178.  Teeth  of  the  leaves  sharply  pointed.  Fruit 
reddish,  f  to  i  inch  thick.  Conn,  south- 
ward and  westward.  (Figs.  221,  222.) 


ii8       KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

Wild  Plum,  Yellow  Plum,  Prunus  americana 
Marsh. 

178.  Teeth  of  the  leaves  blunt  or  glandular-tipped 

—179. 

179.  Margins  of  the  calyx  lobes  finely  glandular- 


Fig.  222.    Wild  Plum. 

toothed.  Mature  fruit  smooth,  orange-red 
or  yellowish,  about  i  inch  long.  Newfound- 
land to  New  England  and  westward. 
(Figs.  223,  224.)  Canada  Plum,  Red 
Plum,  Horse  Plum,  Wild  Plum,  Prunus 
nigra  Ait. 

179.  Margins  of  the  calyx  lobes  entire  or  nearly 
so — 180. 


KEY   TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES       119 


Fig.  223. 
Canada  Plum. 


Canada  Plum. 


Fig.  225. 
Sweet  Cherry.  Fig.  226.     Sweet  Cherry. 


120       KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

180.  Flower-producing  buds  developing  both  flow- 
ers and  leaves.  Inner  scales  at  the  base  of 
the  flower-stalks  longer  than  the  outer, 
spreading.  Fruit  sweet.  Cult. 
and  escaped.  (Figs.  225,  226.) 
Sweet  Cherry,  Prunus  Avium  L. 

180.  Flower-producing  buds  develop- 
ing only  flowers.  Inner  scales 
at  the  base  of  the  flower-stalks 
about  like  the  outer,  not 
spreading.  Fruit  acid,  red. 
Cult,  and  escaped.  (Fig.  227.) 
Sour  Cherry,  Prunus  Cera-  Fi 

SUS  L.  Sour  Cherry. 


LOCUST. — Leaves  pinnately  compound.  Fruit  flat, 
similar  to  a  bean  or  pea  pod,  with  2  or  more 
seeds. 

181.  Young  twigs  sticky.  Va.  southward,  also 
cult,  and  escaped.  (Fig.  228.)  Clammy 
Locust,  Rose  Acacia,  Robinia  viscosa 
Vent. 

181.  Young  twigs  not  sticky.  Penn.  and  along  the 
mountains  to  Ga.,  also  cult,  and  escaped. 
(Figs.  229,  230.)  Common  Locust,  Black 
Locust,  Yellow  Locust,  White  Locust, 
Robinia  Pseudo-Acacia  L. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES       121 

SUMACH. — Leaves  alternate,  pinnately  compound 
(except  in  the  Smoke  Tree).  Juice  sticky 
as  it  dries,  commonly  milky-white  when 
fresh.  Fruit  globular,  less  than  \  of  an 


Fig.  228.    Clammy  Locust.          Fig.  229.    Common  Locust. 

inch  thick.     Usually  shrubs,  the  following 

occasionally  small  trees. 
182.  Leaves   simple.     Cult.     Native   in   Eurasia. 

(Fig.  23 1 .)    Smoke  Tree,  Venetian  Sumach, 

Rhus  Cotinus  L. 
182.  Leaves  compound — 183. 


183.  Leaflets  toothed— 184. 
183.  Leaflets  not  toothed— 185. 


122       KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

184.  Young  twigs  velvety-hairy.  Fruit  red. 
Throughout  our  range.  (Fig.  232.  Leaf 
outline  essentially  the  same  as  in  Fig.  234.) 
Staghorn  Sumach,  Rhus  typhina  L. 

184.  Young  twigs  not  hairy.     Fruit  red.     Central 

Me.  southward  and  westward.     (Fig.  234.) 
Smooth  Sumach,  Rhus  glabra  L. 

185.  Leaf  axis  between   the  leaflets  prominently 

winged.      Fruit    red.      Usually    a    shrub. 


Fig.  231. 
Smoke  Tree. 


Fig.  230.    Common  Locust. 

Southern  Me.  southward  and  westward. 
(Fig.  233.)  Dwarf  Sumach,  Rhus  copal- 
Una  L. 

185.  Leaf  axis  between  the  leaflets  not  winged. 
Fruit  whitish  or  grayish.  Very  poisonous. 
Usually  growing  in  swamps.  Southwestern 
Me.  southward  and  westward.  (Fig.  235.) 
Poison  Sumach,  Poison  Elder,  Poison  Dog- 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


123 


wood,  Dogwood,  Swamp  Sumach,  Poison 
Ash,  Rhus  Vernix  L. 

NOTE. — Many  persons  are  poisoned  by  merely 
handling  the  Poison  Sumach.  The  poison- 
ous principle  is  of  an  oily  nature  and  is 
found  in  every  part  of  the  plant.  A  good 


Fig.  232.    Staghorn  Sumach.          Fig.  233.  Dwarf  Sumach. 

preventive  against  severe  poisoning  is  to 
wash  the  parts  of  the  body  that  have  come 
in  contact  with  the  plant  with  strong 
alcohol  (or  strong  soap  suds)  immediately 
after  such  contact;  the  sooner  this  is  done 
the  more  effective  will  be  the  remedy.  The 
Poison  Ivy  or  Poison  Oak  (Rhus  Tdxico- 
dendron  L.)  climbs  by  means  of  numerous 
dark  brown  roots,  or  trails  over  the  ground 


i24       KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


Fig.  236.    Norway  Maple.  Fig.  237.    Box  Elder. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES       125 

and  fences,  never  becoming  a  tree.  It  is 
a  near  relative  of  the  Poison  Sumach  and 
like  that  plant  poisons  many  persons  who 
handle  it.  It  may  be  recognized  by  its 
compound  leaves  of  three  leaflets,  the  ter- 


Fig.  238.    Norway  Maple. 

minal  one  stalked,  the  margins  with  a  few 
large  teeth  or  none,  and  the  milky  juice. 
Flowers,  fruits,  poisonous  properties,  and 
remedies  as  in  the  Poison  Sumach.  Few 
persons  are  ever  poisoned,  even  slightly, 
by  handling  any  other  than  these  two 
plants. 

MAPLE. — Leaves  opposite,  palmately  veined  when 
simple.  Fruit  with  a  long  unsymmetrical 
flat  wing. 


126       KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

186.  Leaves  simple — 187. 

186.  Leaves  compound.     Western  New  England 

southward  and  westward,  also  cult,  and 
escaped.  (Fig.  237.)  Box  Elder,  Ash- 
leaved  Maple,  Acer  Negundo  L. 

187.  Juice    milky.      Cult.      Native    in    Eurasia. 

(Figs.  236,  238.)  Norway  Maple,  Acer 
plat  a  no  ides  L. 

187.  Juice  not  milky — 188. 

188.  Flower  (or  fruit)  stalks  arranged  along  a  com- 

mon much  elongated  axis — 189. 

188.  Flower   (or  fruit)    stalks   apparently   arising 

from  a  common  point — 191. 

189.  Flower  (or   fruit)  clusters 

erect  or  nodding,  but  not 
pendulous.  Newfound- 
land to  northern  New 
England  and  west- 
ward; southward  in  the 
mountains.  (Fig.  239.)  Fig  23Q 

Mountain   Maple,    Acer         Maple.  (Leaves  often 

T  longer.) 

spicatum  Lam. 

189.  Flower  (or  fruit)  clusters  drooping  or  pendu- 
lous— 190. 


KEY   TO   GENERA   AND   SPECIES       127 


190.  Bark  of  small  branches  light  green,  striped 
with  either  whitish  or  dark  lines.  Leaves 
smooth,  usually  with  3  shallow  taper- 
pointed  lobes.  New  Brunswick  westward 


Fig.  240.    Striped  Maple.  Fig.  241.    Striped  Maple. 

and  southward  in  the  mountains.  (Figs. 
240,  241.)  Striped  Maple,  Moosewood, 
Striped  Dogwood,  Acer  pcnnsyhanicum  L. 

190.  Bark  of  small  branches  not  striped.     Leaves 

usually  5-lobed  and  downy-hairy  beneath. 
Cult,  and  escaped.  Native  in  Eurasia. 
(Figs.  242,  244.)  Sycamore  Maple,  Euro- 
pean Sycamore,  Acer  Pseudo-Platanus  L. 

191.  Flowers  in  rather  close  clusters,  not  drooping, 

appearing  before  the  leaves  in  early  spring — 
192. 


128       KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


191.  Flowers  in  drooping  clusters  on  long  slender 
hairy  stalks — 194. 


Fig.  242.    Sycamore  Maple.  Fig.  243.    White  Maple. 


Fig.  244.    Sycamore  Maple. 

192.  Leaves  deeply  5-lobed.  Petals  none.  Nearly 
throughout  our  range.  (Figs.  243,  245.) 
White  Maple,  Silver  Maple,  Soft  Maple, 
Acer  saccharinum  L. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES       129 


192.  Leaves  not  cut  half  way  to  the  base.    Petals 
present — 193. 


Fig.  245.     White  Maple. 

193.  Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  middle  lobe  oblong 
at  base.     Bark  and  •  leaves  quite  variable. 

A 


Fig.  246.  Red  Maple.  Fig.  247.    Red  Maple. 

Nearly  throughout  our  range.  (Figs.  246, 
247.)  Red  Maple,  Swamp  Maple,  Soft 
Maple,  Acer  rubrum  L. 


i3o       KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

193.  Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  middle  lobe  broadly 
triangular.  Merely  a  form  of  the  Red 
Maple.  New  Brunswick  and  Mass.,  and 
local  southward  and  westward.  (Fig.  248.) 
Three-Toothed  Red  Maple,  Acer  rubrum 
var.  tridens  Wood. 


Fig.  248.    Three-toothed 
Red  Maple. 


Fig.  249.    Rock  Maple.  From 
infertile  branch. 


194.  Lower  surface  of  the  leaf  pale  and  smoothish. 
Leaves  of  infertile  trees  (Fig.  249)  differ 
from  those  of  the  fertile  or  fruiting  trees. 
(Fig.  251.)  Throughout  our  range.  (Figs. 
249,  251,  250.)  Rock  Maple,  Sugar  Maple, 
Hard  Maple,  Sugar-tree,  Acer  saccharum 
Marsh. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES       131 


Fig.  250.    Rock  Maple. 


Fig.  251.    Rock  Maple. 
From  fruiting  branch. 


Fig.  252.    Black  Rock  Maple. 


132       KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

194.  Lower  surface  of  the  leaf  green  and  hairy.  A 
form  of  the  Rock  Maple.  Western  New 
England  southward  and  westward.  (Fig. 
252.)  Black  Rock  Maple,  Acer  saccharum 
var.  nigrum  (Michx.  f .)  Britton. 


Fig.  253.  Horse-Chestnut. 

HORSE-CHESTNUT,  BUCKEYE.  —  Leaves  opposite, 
palmately  compound.  Several  species  of 
Buckeye  from  farther  west  are  occasionally 
planted;  these  all  differ  from  the  common 
Horse-chestnut  in  having  4  petals  instead 
of  5- 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES       133 

195.  Fruit  prickly — 196. 

195.  Fruit  smooth.    Petals  4 — 197. 

196.  Petals  5,  white,  spreading.    Leaflets  usually  7. 

Cult.  Native  of  southeastern  Europe  and 
Asia.  (Figs.  253,  254.)  Horse-chestnut, 
Common  Horse-chestnut,  Aesculus  Hippo- 
castanum  L. 


Fig.  254.    Horse-Chestnut. 

196.  Petals  4,  yellow,  erect.     Leaflets  usually  5. 

Margins  toothed,  with  tufts  of  hairs  in  the 
notches.  Central  Penn.  southward  and 
southwestward,  also  cult.  (Fig.  255.) 
Fetid  Buckeye,  Ohio  Buckeye,  Aesculus 
glabra  Willd. 

197.  Petals  yellow.    Western  Penn.  southward  and 


i34       KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

south  westward,  also  cult.  (Fig.  256.) 
Sweet  Buckeye,  Yellow  Buckeye,  Aesculus 
octandra  Marsh. 

197.  Petals    and   calyx    red    or   purple.     W.    Va. 
southward  and  westward,  also  cult.    Purple 


Fig.  255.    Fetid  Buckeye.  Fig.  256.    Sweet  Buckeye. 

Buckeye;  Aesculus  octandra  var.    hybrida. 
(DC.)  Sarg. 

197.  Petals  and  calyx  bright  red.  Usually  a  shrub. 
Va.  southward  and  westward,  also  cult. 
(Fig.  257.)  Red  Buckeye,  Aesculus  Pavia  L. 


LINDEN,  BASSWOOD. — Leaves  broad  or  round  egg- 
shaped  and  usually  with  an  unsymmetrical 
base.  Flower  and  fruit  clusters  long- 
stalked,  attached  near  the  middle  of  a  large 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES       135 

elongated  leaf-like  bract.     Fruit  globular, 

woody,  less  than  |  inch  thick. 
198.  Stamens  attached  to  a  petal-like  body  situated 

in  front  of  the  real  petal — 199. 
198.  Stamens  not  attached  to  "a  petal-like  body. 


Fig.  257.     Red  Buckeye. 

Commonly  planted  as  a  street  tree  in  many 
cities.  Native  in  Europe.  (Fig.  258.) 
European  Linden,  Lime-tree,  Tilia  vulgaris 
Hayne. 

199.  Fruit  ribbed.  Leaves  white-downy  beneath. 
Cult.  Native  in  eastern  Europe.  Silver 
Linden,  Tilia  tomentosa  Muench. 

199.  Fruit  not  ribbed.  Native  in  United  States — 
200. 


136       KEY  TO   GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


200.  Mature  leaves  smooth,  or  essentially  so,  on 
both  surfaces.  Throughout  our  range. 
(Figs.  259,  260.)  American  Basswood, 
American  Linden,  Basswood,  Linn,  Beetree, 
Wlckup,  Tilia  americana  L. 

200.  Mature  leaves  beneath,  and  the   twigs,  red- 


Fig.  258.     Euro- 
pean Linden. 


Fig.  259.    American 
Basswood. 


dish  hairy.  Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long. 
Conn,  westward  and  southward.  (Fig. 
261.)  Southern  Basswood,  Tilia  Michauxii 
Nutt. 

:oo.  Mature  leaves  4  to  8  inches  long,  silvery-white 
and  woolly  beneath.  Central  N.  Y.  and 
southward  along  the  mountains,  and  west- 
ward. (Fig.  262.)  White  Basswood,  Tilia 
heterophylla  Vent. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES       137 


Fig.  260.    American  Basswood. 


Fig.  261.    Southern  Basswood.        Fig.  262.    White  Basswood. 


i38       KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 

CORNEL,  DOGWOOD. — Leaves  simple,  with  veins 
curving  well  up  towards  the  apex.  Flowers 
4-parted.  Fruit  pulpy,  globular,  contain- 
ing a  single  2-seeded,  2-celled  stone.  The 


Fig.  263.  Flower- 
ing Dogwood. 


Fig.  264.    Flowering  Dogwood. 

Poison  Dogwood  is  a  Sumach,  and  does  not 
belong  here. 

201.  Leaves  opposite.  The  small  close  cluster  of 
greenish  flowers  surrounded  in  such  a  way, 
by  4  large  conspicuous  white  petal-like 
bracts,  as  to  make  the  whole  cluster  appear 
like  a  single  flower  2  or  3  inches  across. 


KEY  TO   GENERA  AND  SPECIES 


139 


Fruit  oblong,  red,  about  ^  inch  long.    Cen- 
tral New    England   southward    and  west- 
ward.    (Figs.  263,  264.)     Flowering  Dog- 
wood, Boxwood,  Dogwood, 
Flowering  Cornel,  Cornus 
florida  L. 

201.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers 
in  large  loose  clusters  (3 
or  more  inches  across), 
with  no  petal-like  bracts. 
Fruit  globular,  blue,  usu- 
ally less  than  \  inch  thick. 
New  Brunswick  westward 
and  southward.  (Fig.  265.) 
Alternate-leaved  Cornel, 
Blue  Dogwood,  Green 
Osier,  Dogwood,  Cornus 
alter nifolia  L.  f. 


Fig.  265.  Alter- 
nate-1  e  a  v  e  d 
Cornel. 


ASH. — Leaves  opposite,  pinnately  compound.    Fruit 

with  a  long  symmetrical  flat  wing. 
202.  Side  leaflets  without  individual  stalks — 203. 

202.  Side  leaflets  with  short  individual  stalks — 204. 

203.  Leaflets  green  on  both  surfaces  but  somewhat 

darker  above.  Leaf  axis  (rhachis)  usually 
with  thick  reddish-brown  wool  at  the  base 
of  each  leaflet.  Crushed  leaves  with  the 


i4o       KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


odor  of  Elder.  A  small  tree  growing  in  cold 
swamps  or  wet  places.  In  swamps  and 
along  river  banks  from  Newfoundland  to 
the  Great  Lakes;  also  southward,  mainly 


Fig.  266.    Black  Ash.  Fig.  267.    Red  Ash. 

in  the  mountains.  (Fig.  266.)  Black  Ash, 
Hoop  Ash,  Basket  Ash,  Brown  Ash,  Swamp 
Ash,  Fraxinus  nigra  Marsh. 

203.  Leaflets  green  above,  pale  beneath.  Leaf  axis 
(rhachis)  usually  without  reddish  wool. 
Cult.  Native  in  Eurasia.  (Fig.  268.) 
European  Ash,  Fraxinus  excelsior  L. 


204- 

204. 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES       141 

Young  twigs  and  leaf-stalks  hairy — 205. 
Young  twigs  smooth — 206. 


205.  Fruit  i  to  2  inches  long;  seed-bearing  portion 
nearly  half  as  long  as  the  whole  fruit,  and 


Fig.  268.     European  Ash. 

less  than  £  of  an  inch  thick.  Calyx  very 
small.  New  Brunswick  westward  and 
southwestward.  (Figs.  267,  269.)  Red 
Ash,  Brown  Ash,  River  Ash,  Bastard  Ash, 
Fraxinus  pennsyhanica  Marsh. 

205.  Fruit  about  i|  inches  long;  seed-bearing 
portion  about  a  third  as  long  as  the  fruit, 
and  more  than  £  of  an  inch  thick.  Calyx 
very  small.  Penn.  southwestward.  Bilt- 
more  Ash,  Fraxinus  Biltmoreana  Beadle. 

205.  Fruit  2  to  3  inches  long;  seed-bearing  portion 
about  quarter  as  long  as  the  fruit.  Calyx 


142       KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


prominent.    Wing  of  the  fruit  running  more 
than  half  way  down  both  sides  of  the  seed- 


Fig.  269.  Red  Ash. 

bearing  portion.  Western  N.  Y.  to  Mo. 

and  southward.  Pumpkin  Ash,  Fraxinus 
profunda  Bush. 


siPP" 

Site 


Fig.  270.     Blue  Ash. 

206.  Branchlets  4-sided.    Wing  of  the  fruit  extend- 
ing around  the  seed-bearing  portion.     Ohio 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES       143 


Fig.  271.    White  Ash.  Fig.  272.    Green  Ash. 


Fig.  273.     White  Ash. 


144       KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


westward    and    southward.      (Fig.     270.) 
Blue  Ash,  Fraxinus  quadrangulata  Michx. 
206.  Branchlets  not  4-sided.      Wing  of  fruit  not 
extending  around  the  seed-bearing  portion 
—207. 


207. 


Lower  surface  of  the  leaflets  paler  than  the 
upper  and  occasionally  hairy.  Throughout 
our  range.  (Figs.  271,  273.)  White  Ash, 
Fraxinus  americana  L. 


Fig.  274.     Green  Ash. 

207.  Lower  surface  of  the  leaflets  bright  green  and 
smooth.  Central  New  England  south- 
ward and  westward.  (Figs.  272,  274.) 
Green  Ash,  Fraxinus  pennsykanica  var. 
lanceolata  (Borkh.)  Sarg. 

CATALPA. — Leaves    broad,    egg-shaped    or    heart- 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES       145 

shaped.    Flowers  white.    Fruit  a  cylindric 
pod,  generally  a  foot  or  more  long. 
208.  Flowers  usually  at  least  2  inches  broad,  not 
prominently  spotted.    Bark  thick  and  rough. 


Fig.  275.    Hardy  Catalpa. 

Upper  Mississippi  valley  and  extensively 
cult.  (Figs.  275,  276.)  Hardy  Catalpa, 
Cigar  Tree,  Western  Catalpa,  Indian  Bean, 
Catalpa  speciosa  Warder. 


146       KEY  TO  GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


208.  Flowers   usually   less   than    2   inches    broad, 
thickly   spotted  with  yellow   and   purple. 


Fig.  276.    Hardy  Catalpa. 


Fig.  277.    Common  Catalj 


Fig.  278.  Sweet  Vi- 
burnum, a.  Leaf. 
b.  Magnified  mar- 
gin. 


Bark  thin  and  usually  not  rough  on  medium 
sized  trunks.    Lower  Mississippi  valley  and 


KEY  TO  GENERA  AND  SPECIES       147 

extensively  cult.  Leaves  similar  in  outline 
to  those  of  the  Hardy  Catalpa.  (Fig.  277.) 
Common  Catalpa,  Indian  Bean,  Bean  Tree, 
Cigar  Tree,  Smoking  -Bean,  Catalpa  big- 
nonioides  Walt. 

ARROW-WOOD. — Leaves  simple,  opposite,  toothed. 
Fruit  small  and  pulpy,  containing  a  single 
stony  seed.  Most  species  are  shrubs,  but 
two  are  occasionally  small  trees. 

209.  Leaves  with  a  prominent  tapering  point  at 
the  apex.  Western  New  Brunswick  west- 
ward and  southward.  (Fig.  278.)  Sweet 
Viburnum,  Sheepberry,  Nannyberry,  Nanny 
Plum,  Wild  Raisin,  Viburnum  Lentago  L. 

209.  Leaves  without  a  tapering  point  at  the  apex. 
Southwestern  New  England  westward  and 
southwestward.  (Fig.  279.)  Black  Haw, 
Nannyberry,  Viburnum  prunifolium  L. 


Fig.  279.    Black  Haw. 


GLOSSARY 

With  references  to  illustrative  cuts 

Acute.     An  angle  less  than  a  right  angle,  as  in  the  apex  of 

the  leaf  in  Fig.  218. 
Alternate.     With  one  leaf  at  a  node. 
Angled.    With  more  or  less  conspicuous  angles  or  corners, 

as  in  Fig.  18. 
Apex.     That  portion  of  an  organ  (e.  g.,  a  leaf)  opposite  the 

base,  as  the  pointed  end  of  Fig.  102. 
Auriculate.     With  two  basal  lobes  somewhat  like  the  lower 

part  of  the  human  ear,  as  in  Fig.  166. 
Awl-shaped  (leaf).     Slender  and  slightly  tapering  from  the 

base  to  a  sharp  apex,  the  broadest  part  of  the  leaf  be- 
ing at  or  near  the  base,  as  in  Figs,  i,  20. 
Awn.     A  long  stiff  hair  or  hair-like  point,  as  at  the  apex  of 

Fig.  155- 

Base.     That  portion  of  an  organ  lying  next  to  its  stalk  or 

to  its  supporting  structure. 
Berry.     A  juicy  or  fleshy  fruit  in  which  the  seeds  are  not 

enclosed  in  definite  compartments. 
Blade.     The  flattened  portion  of  the  ordinary  leaf. 
Blunt.     An  angle  greater  than  a  right  angle,  as  the  apex  of 

Fig.  21. 

Bract.     A  modified  leaf  in  a  flower  or  a  fruit  cluster. 
Branchlet.     A  small  (young)  branch. 
Bristle.     A  stiff  hair-like  structure;  nearly  the  same  as  an 

awn. 

149 


1 50  GLOSSARY 

Bud.  A  rudimentary  branch,  usually  covered  with  over- 
lapping scales.  A  bud  may  produce  leaves  only  (leaf 
bud),  flowers  only  (flower  bud),  or  both  leaves  and 
flowers  (mixed  bud). 

Calyx.    The  outer  (usually  green)  part  of  a  flower. 

Catkin.  An  elongated  scaly  cluster  of  flowers,  as  in  Wil- 
lows, Poplars,  etc.,  which  usually  falls  from  the  tree 
after  flowering  or  fruiting. 

Compound  (leaf).  Composed  of  two  or  more  blades  (leaf- 
lets), as  in  Figs.  54,  117. 

Cone.  The  characteristic  fruit  of  the  Pine  Family.  It 
consists  of  many  usually  woody  and  closely  crowded 
overlapping  scales  attached  to  a  common  axis.  The 
seeds  are  borne  on  the  upper  sides  of  the  scales. 

Crown  (of  a  tree).  The  general  mass  of  branches  and 
leaves. 

Cylindric.  An  elongated  structure  (as  a  stem,  or  twig) 
which  is  circular  in  cross-section;  i.  e.,  not  angled. 

Divided.     Cut  almost  to  the  center  or  base  into  nearly 

separate  segments  or  divisions. 
Doubly-toothed.     With  small  teeth  along  the  margins  of 

larger  teeth,  as  in  Fig.  180. 

Egg-shaped  (leaf).    Shaped  like  an  egg;  width  about  §  the 

length  and  the  broadest  part  below  the  middle,  as  in 

Fig.  134- 

Entire.     Margins  without  teeth  of  any  sort,  as  in  Fig.  21. 
Escape.     A  name  applied  to  a  plant  originally  cultivated 

but  now  growing  like  a  wild  plant. 
Eyergreen.    With  green  leaves  in  winter  as  well  as  in 

summer. 


GLOSSARY  151 

Fan-shaped.     Shaped  like  a  fan  or  the  sector  of  a  circle,  as 

in  Figs.  15,  138. 

Fleshy.     Of  the  general  consistency  of  a  ripe  apple  or  pear. 
Forking.     Splitting  into  two  nearly  equal  structures,   as 

branches  or  veins,  as  in  many  of  the  side  veins  in 

Fig.  1 80. 
Fruit.    That  part  of  the  plant  which  produces  or  contains 

the  seeds,  together  with  other  attached  parts. 
Furrowed.    With    longitudinal   grooves    alternating    with 

ridges,  as  in  Fig.  273. 

Gland.     A  name  commonly  applied  to  a  small  protuberance. 
Glaucous.     Covered  with  a  bluish  or  whitish  minute  pow- 
der which  is  readily  removed  by  the  fingers. 

Heart-shaped  (leaf).  A  broad  leaf  indented  (often  deeply) 
at  the  base,  while  the  apex  is  commonly  pointed,  as  in 
Fig.  102.  Also  applied  to  the  base  only. 

Husk.  An  outer  covering,  usually  somewhat  woody  or 
fibrous.  Commonly  restricted  to  fruits. 

Incised.    With   deeply   and   sharply   cut   notches,   as   in 

Figs.  126,  140. 
Internode.     The  portion  of  the  stem  between  two  nodes. 

Juicy.  Containing  much  watery  sap  or  juice  (e.  g.,  an 
orange  or  a  cherry). 

Lance-shaped.  Very  narrowly  egg-shaped,  with  the  length 
two  or  three  times  the  width,  as  in  Fig.  37. 

Lateral  bud.     A  bud  situated  on  the  side  of  a  branch. 

Leaflet.  A  separate  blade  of  a  compound  leaf.  Fig.  118  is 
a  pinnately  once  compound  leaf  with  7  leaflets. 


i52  GLOSSARY 

Leaf-stalk.  The  well-marked  slender  support  of  a  leaf- 
blade,  as  the  short  stem-like  portion  at  the  base  of 
Fig.  121.  The  leaf-stalk  is  sometimes  absent. 

Lobed.  With  marginal  indentations  running  7  to  §  of 
the  distance  to  the  center  or  base,  the  segments  usu- 
ally somewhat  rounded,  as  in  Figs.  30,  169. 

Longitudinal.    Lengthwise,  from  base  to  apex. 

Midrib.    The  central  vein  of  a  leaf,  especially  when  more 

prominent  than  the  other  veins. 
Milky.     With  an  opaque,  usually  white,  juice. 

Needle-shaped.  Long  and  slender,  neither  definitely  flat- 
tened nor  regularly  tapering;  may  be  long  as  in  the 
Pine  (Fig.  63),  or  short  as  in  the  Spruce  (Fig.  80). 

Node.  The  point  on,  or  line  around,  a  stem  from  which 
one  or  more  leaves  arise.  Often  not  specially  marked 
otherwise  than  that  a  leaf  or  leaf-scar  is  found  there. 

Notch.  An  angular  indentation,  as  along  the  margins  in 
Fig-  95- 

Nut.  A  hard  or  bony  fruit,  like  that  of  the  walnut,  oak, 
cfiestnut. 

Nutlet.  A  small  nut,  or  a  small,  hard,  seed-like  part  of  a 
fruit. 

Oblong.    Two  or  three  times  longer  than  broad,  with  the 

sides  nearly  parallel. 
Once  compound  (leaf).    With  the  leaflets  attached  to  the 

primary  axis  of  the  leaf,  as  in  Figs.  540,  253. 
Opposite  (leaves).    With  two  leaves  at  the  same  node,  as 

in  Fig.  20. 

Palmate,    Palmately    compound.    With    several    leaflets 


GLOSSARY  153 

starting  from  a  common  point  at  the  tip  of  the  leaf- 
stalk, as  in  Fig.  253. 

Papery  (bark).  Splitting  into  thin  papery  films,  as  in 
Fig.  132. 

Petal.  One  of  the  parts  of  a  flower,  situated  between  the 
stamens  and  the  calyx.  The  petals  are  usually  the 
most  conspicuous  parts  of  the  ordinary  flower,  gen- 
erally being  brightly  colored,  or  white. 

Pinnate,  Pinnately  compound.  With  several  leaflets  start- 
ing from  different  points  along  two  sides  of  a  common 
leaf-axis,  as  in  Fig.  54(7. 

Pinnately  veined.  With  numerous  side  veins  branching 
somewhat  regularly  from  both  sides  of  a  midrrb,  as  in 
Fig.  178. 

Pistil.  The  central  organ,  or  one  of  the  central  organs,  of  a 
flower,  in  which  the  ovules  (immature  seeds)  are  pro- 
duced. 

Pith.  The  much  softer  central  portion  of  a  branch  or 
branchlet. 

Pod.     A  dry  fruit  which  splits  open  naturally  at  maturity. 

Pointed.  With  a  definite  point  (blunt  or  acute),  as  in 
Figs.  21,  133. 

Prickly.    With  small  sharp-pointed  hairs  or  spines. 

Recurved.     Curving  backward  or  downward. 

Rhombic.     Of  the  general  shape  of  a  rhomb,  as  in  Fig.  123. 

Rounded  (apex  or  base).    Regularly  curving,  without  notch 

or  point,  as  the  tips  of  the  lobes  and  the  apex  of  the  leaf 

in  Fig.  173. 

Scale.  A  degenerate  leaf.  In  a  cone  one  of  the  somewhat 
flattened,  usually  woody,  structures  attached  to  the 


iS4  GLOSSARY 

Scale-like  (leaf).  A  small  and  short  leaf,  the  apex  of  which 
usually  overlaps  the  base  of  the  one  next  above  it,  like 
the  scale  of  a  fish,  as  in  Fig.  5. 

Scaly  (bark).  With  flattish  raised  areas,  especially  when 
the  edges  are  somewhat  separated  from  the  bark  be- 
neath, as  in  Fig.  170. 

Shield-shaped.  A  somewhat  circular  or  angular  structure 
with  its  supporting  stalk  attached  to  one  of  the  flat 
surfaces  instead  of  to  the  edge. 

Shoot.    A  stem  and  its  leaves  collectively  considered. 

Shreddy.  With  the  edges  of  the  scales  or  plates  appearing 
as  if  frayed  into  shreds,  as  in  Fig.  50. 

Side  veins.     Veins  branching  from  a  midrib. 

Simple  (leaf).  With  only  one  blade,  as  in  Figs.  47,  49,  173, 
1 86. 

Smooth.     Neither  rough  nor  hairy. 

Spine.     A  sharp  and  slender  stiff  point. 

Spiny.     Having  spines. 

Stamens.  The  slender,  usually  stalked,  structures  sur- 
rounding the  pistil  of  a  flower.  The  box-like  portion 
at  the  top  is  the  anther  in  which  the  pollen  is  produced. 

Stipules.  Two  small  leaf-like  bodies  at  the  base  of  a  leaf- 
stalk, as  in  Fig.  86.  Commonly  absent. 

Symmetrical.  Even-sided;  one  side  essentially  like  the 
other,  as  in  Fig.  146. 

Taper-pointed.  With  a  somewhat  elongated  point,  es- 
pecially when  the  margins  below  it  are  concave,  as  the 
apex  of  Fig.  84. 

Teeth.     Small  projections  along  the  margin,  as  in  Fig.  100. 

Terminal  bud.  A  bud  situated  at  the  end  of  a  stem  or 
branch. 

Thorn.    A  stiff  woody  sharp-pointed  structure. 


GLOSSARY  155 

Toothed.     Having  small  projections  along  the  margin  like 

the  teeth  of  a  saw,  as  in  Fig.  100. 
Top-shaped.     A  somewhat  globular  structure  which  tapers 

regularly  to  a  narrow  base,  like  an  inverted  geometrical 

cone. 
Triangular.    Of   the  general   shape   of  a  triangle,   as  in 

Fig.  127. 
Trunk.     The  main  stem  of  a  tree,  usually  restricted  to 

mean  the  part  below  the  crown. 
Twice  compound.     With  leaflets  attached  to  the  secondary 

axes  of  the  leaf  (i.  e.,  the  main  axis  divides  before  it 

bears  leaflets),  as  in  Fig.  546. 

Twig.    A  young  shoot.     Sometimes  used  with  reference  to 
the  branchlet  without  the  leaves. 

Unsymmetrical.     With  the  two  sides  unlike,  as  in  Fig.  262. 
Vein.    One  of  the  ribs  or  thickened  lines  in  a  leaf-blade. 

Wavy.  Alternately  concave  and  convex  along  the  margin, 
as  in  Fig.  46. 

Wedge-shaped  (leaf).  Tapering  regularly  from  a  broad 
apex  to  a  pointed  base.  A  wedge-shaped  base  is 
pointed  (often  bluntly),  with  the  margins  straight  or 
nearly  so,  like  the  sides  of  a  wedge,  as  in  Fig.  153. 

Whorled.  With  three  or  more  leaves  around  the  stem  at 
the  same  node,  as  in  Fig.  i. 

Wing.  Any  thin  flat  appendage  attached  to  a  thicker 
main  structure. 

Woolly.     Covered  with  tangled  or  loosely  matted  hairs. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  A  FEW  OF  THE  MORE 
IMPORTANT  WORKS  ON  TREES 

General 

BRITTON,  N.  L.     Manual  of  the  Flora  of  the  Northern 

States    and    Canada.     1112    pages.      2d    ed.    rev. 

Henry  Holt  &  Co.,  New  York,  1905. 
ROBINSON,  B.  L.,  and  FERNALD,  M.  L.     Gray's  New 

Manual  of  Botany.     926  pages.    Illust.    American 

Book  Co.,  New  York,  1908. 

Popular 
DAME,  L.  L.,  and  BROOKS,  H.    Handbook  of  the  Trees  of 

New  England  with  ranges  throughout  the  United 

States  and  Canada.     196  pages.     Illust.     Ginn  & 

Co.,  Boston,  1902. 
EMERSON,  G.  B.    Trees  and  Shrubs  of  Massachusetts. 

Various  editions. 
HOUGH,  R.  B.    Handbook  of  the  Trees  of  the  Northern 

States  and  Canada  East  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Photo-descriptive.    470  pages.    Illust.    The  author, 

Lowville,  N.  Y.,  1907. 
KEELER,  H.  L.     Our  Native  Trees  and  How  to  Identify 

Them.     533  pages.     Illust.     Chas.  Scribner's  Sons, 

New  York,  1900. 

MATHEWS,  F.  S.    Familiar  Trees  and  Their  Leaves.    Re- 
vised ed.  334  pages.     Illust.     D.  Appleton,  New 

York,  1911. 

J57 


i58  BIBLIOGRAPHY 

ROGERS,  J.  E.  The  Tree  Book,  a  Popular  Guide  to  a 
Knowledge  of  the  Trees  of  North  America  and  to 
Their  Uses  and  Cultivation.  589  pages.  Illust. 
Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.,  New  York,  1905. 

Trees  in  Winter 
BLAKESLEE,    A.    F.   &   JARVIS,    C.    D.    New    England 

Trees  in  Winter.     271  pages  (305  to  576).     Illust. 

Storrs    (Conn.)    Agricultural    Experiment    Station, 

1911. 
HUNTINGTON,  A.  O.    Studies  of  Trees  in  Winter.     198 

pages.    Illust.     Dana  Estes  &  Co.,  Boston,  1911. 

Technical 

BRITTON,  N.  L.  North  American  Trees,  being  descrip- 
tions and  illustrations  of  the  trees  growing  independ- 
ently of  cultivation  in  North  America,  north  of 
Mexico  and  the  West  Indies.  894  pages.  Illust. 
Henry  Holt  &  Co.,  New  York,  1908. 

SARGENT,  C.  S.  Manual  of  the  Trees  of  North  America 
(exclusive  of  Mexico).  826  pages.  Illust.  Hough- 
ton,  Mifflin  &  Co.,  Boston,  1905. 

SARGENT,  C.  S.  Silva  of  North  America.  14  volumes. 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.,  Boston,  1894-1902. 

American  Forestry 

GRAVES,  H.  S.     Principles  of  Handling  Woodlands.    325 

pages.    Illust.    John   Wiley   &   Sons,   New   York, 

1911. 
GREEN,   S.  B.     Principles  of  American  Forestry.     334 

pages.    Illust.    John   Wiley   &   Sons,   New   York, 

1903- 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  159 

Care  of  Trees 
FERNOW,  B.  E.    The  Care  of  Trees  in  Lawn,  Street  and 

Park,  with  a  List  of  Trees  and  Shrubs  for  Decorative 

Use.     392  pages.     Illust.     Henry  Holt  &  Co.,  New 

York,  1910. 
SOLOTAROFF,   W.     Shade   Trees   in   Towns   and   Cities. 

287  pages.     Illust.    John  Wiley  &  Sons,  New  York, 

1911. 

Foreign 

BEISSXER,  L.  Handbuch  der  Nadelholzkunde.  576 
pages.  Paul  Parey,  Berlin,  1891. 

DIPPEL,  L.  Handbuch  der  Laubholzkunde.  3  vols. 
Illust.  Paul  Parey,  Berlin,  1889-1893. 

GROOM,  P.  Trees  and  Their  Life  Histories.  407  pages. 
Illust.  Cassell  &  Co.,  London,  1907. 

MOUILLEFERT,  P.  Traite  des  Arbres  &  Arbrisseaux  fo- 
restiers,  industriels  et  d'ornement.  3  vols.  Illust. 
Paul  Klincksieck,  Paris,  1892-1898. 

SCHNEIDER,  C.  K.  Illustriertes  Handbuch  der  Laubholz- 
kunde. 2  vols.  Illust.  Gustav  Fischer,  Jena,  1006-. 


A  SYSTEMATIC  LIST  OF  TREES  GROUPED  IN  FAMI- 
LIES, WITH  PAGE  REFERENCES 

Native  American  trees  in  bold  face.    Foreign  trees  in  roman. 
Scientific  names  in  italics. 


YEW  FAMILY  TAXACEAE 

i.  Maiden-hair  Tree,  Ginkgo     Ginkgo  biloba  L. 


PAGE 
ii 


PINE  FAMILY 

2.  White  Pine 

3.  Loblolly  Pine 

4.  Pitch  Pine 

5.  Table  Mountain  Pine 

6.  Jersey  Pine 

7.  Northern  Scrub  Pine 

8.  Red  Pine 

9.  Austrian  Pine 

10.  Scotch  Pine 

11.  Yellow  Pine 

12.  American  Larch 

13.  European  Larch 

14.  Douglas  Spruce 

15.  Colorado  Blue  Spruce 

1 6.  White  Spruce 

17.  Red  Spruce 

1 8.  Black  Spruce 

19.  Norway  Spruce 


PINACEAE 

Finns  Strobns  L.  40 

Finns  Taeda  L.  41,  42 

Finns  rigida  Mill.  41 

Finns  pnngens  Lamb.  43 

Finns  inrginiana  Mill.  43 

Finns  Banksiana  Lamb.  43 

Finns  rcsinosa  Ait.  44 
Finns  Laricio  v.  austriata 

Endl.  45 

Finns  sylvestris  L.  44 

Finns  echinata  Mill.  40,  42 

Larix  laricina  (Du  Roi) 

Koch.  45 

Larix  decidna  Mill.  46 

Pseudotsuga  taxifolia  Britt.  10 

-Picea  Menziesii  Engelm.  48 

Picea  canadensis  (Mill.)  BSP  49 

Picea  rubra  (Du  Roi)  Dietr.  47 

Picea  mariana  (Mill.)  BSP  47 

Picea  Abies  (L.)  Karst  46,  48 
161 


i6a          SYSTEMATIC  LIST  OF  TREES 


20.  Oriental  Spruce 

21.  Balsam  Fir 

22.  Hemlock 

23.  Bald  Cypress 

24.  Coast  White  Cedar 


25.  Arbor  Vitae 

26.  Common  Juniper 

27.  Dwarf  Juniper 

28.  Red  Cedar 

WILLOW  FAMILY 

29.  Black  Willow 

30.  Ward's  Willow 

31.  Peach-leaved  Willow 

32.  Bay-leaved  Willow 

33.  Crack  Willow 

34.  White  Willow 

35.  Yellow  Willow 

36.  Blue  Willow 

37.  Weeping  Willow 

38.  White  Poplar 

39.  American  Aspen 

40.  Large-toothed  Aspen 

41.  Downy  Poplar 

42.  Balsam  Poplar 

43.  Balm  of  Gilead 

44.  Carolina  Poplar 

45.  Black  Poplar 

46.  Lombardy  Poplar 


PAGE 

Picea  orientalis  Carr.  48 

Abies  balsamea  (L.)Mill.  9 
Tsuga  canadensis  (L.)  Carr.  7 

Taxodium  distichum  (L) 

Richard  9 

Chamaecyparis  thyoides  (L.) 

BSP.  6 

Thuja  occidentalis  L.  5 

Juniperus  communis  L.  2,  6 

Juniperus  communis  v.  de- 

pressa  Pursh.  2,  6 

Juniperus  virginiana  L.  4,  5 

SALICACEAE 

Salix  nigra  Marsh.  51 

Salix  Wardi  Bebb.  51 

Salix  amygdaloides  Anders.  50 

Salix  penlandra  L.  50 

Salix  fragilis  L.  52 

Salix  alba  L.  53 
Salix  alba  v.  mtellina  (L). 

Koch.  53 
Salix  alba  v.  caerulea  (Sm.) 

Koch.  53 

Salix  babylonica  L.  52 

Popiilns  alba  L.  53 

Populus  tremuloides  Michx.  55 
Popidus  grandidentata  Michx.  54 

Populus  heterophylla  L.  58 

Populus  balsamifcra  L.  57 

Populus  candicans  Ait.  58 

Populus  deltoidcs  Marsh.  56 

Populus  nigra  L.  57 
Popidus  nigra  v.  italica  Du 

Roi  56 


SYSTEMATIC  LIST  OF  TREES 


163 


WALNUT  FAMILY 

47.  Butternut 

48.  Black  Walnut 

49.  Shag-bark  Hickory 

50.  Big  Shell-bark 

51.  Mockernut 

52.  Small-fruited  Hickory 

53.  Pignut 

54.  Bitternut 


JUGLANDACEAE 

PAGE 

Juglans  cinerea  L.  60 

Juglans  nigra  L.  60 

Carya  ovata  (Mill.)  K.  Koch.  62 
Carya  laciniosa  (Michx.  f.) 

Loud.  68 

Carya  alba  (L.)  K.  Koch.  67 

Carya  microcarpa  Nutt.  65 

Carya  glabra  (Mill.)  Spach.  65 
Carya  cordiformis  (Wang.) 

K.  Koch.  67 


BIRCH  FAMILY 

55.  Hop  Hornbeam 

56.  American  Hornbeam 

57.  Black  Birch 

58.  Yellow  Birch 

59.  River  Birch,  Red  Birch 

60.  Gray  Birch 

61.  White  Birch,  Blue  Birch 

62.  Cut-leaved  Birch 


63.  European  Paper  Birch 

64.  Weeping  Birch 

65.  American  Canoe  Birch 

66.  Cordate-leaved  Birch 

67.  Downy  Green  Alder 

68.  Speckled  Alder 

69.  Smooth  Alder 

70.  European  Black  Alder 


BETULACEAE 

Ostrya  virginiana  (Mill.)  K. 

Koch.  28 

Carpinus  caroliniana  Walt.  29 

Betula  lenta  L.  69 

Bet  ula  In  tea  Michx.  f.  71 

Betula  nigra  L.  73 

Betula  po pill i folia  Marsh.  73 

Betula  pendula  Roth.  74 
Betula  pendula  v.  dalecarlica 

L.  73 

Betula  alba  L.  75 

Betula  alba  v.  pendula  Hort.  74 
Betula  alba  v.  papyri/era 

(Marsh)  Spach.  76 
Betula  alba  \.  cordifolia 

(Regel)  Fernald  75 

Aliius  mollis  Fernald  76 

Alniis  incana  (L.)  Muench  77 
Alum  rugosa  (Du  Roi) 

Spreng.  78 

Alnus  vulgaris  Hill  78 


i64         SYSTEMATIC  LIST  OF  TREES 
71.  Sea-side  Alder 


PAGE 

Alnus    maritima    (Marsh.) 
Muhl.  77 


BEECH  FAMILY 

FAGACEAE 

72.  American  Beech 

Fagus  graiidifolia  Ehrh.            80 

73.  European  Beech 

Fagus  sylvatica  L.                       80 

74.  Purple-leaved  Beech 

Fagus   sylvatica  v.   purpiirca 

Ait.                                          79 

75.  Fern-leaved  Beech 

Fagus  sylvatica  v.  helerophylla 

Loud.                                       79 

76.  American  Chestnut 

Castanea   dentata    (Marsh.) 

Borkh.                                     81 

77.  European  Chestnut 

Castanea  saliva  Mill.                  82 

78.  Chinquapin 

Castanea  pumila  (L.)  Mill.         81 

79.  White  Oak 

Quercus  alba  L.                           91 

80.  English  Oak 

Quercus  Robur  L.                       89 

81.  Post  Oak 

Quercus  stellata  Wang.              94 

82.  Over-cup  Oak 

Quercus  lyrata  Walt.                  90 

83.  Bur  .Oak,  Mossy-cup  Oak  Quercus  macrocarpa  Michx.      94 

84.  Swamp  White  Oak 

Quercus  bicolor  Willd.                91 

85.  Cow  Oak 

Quercus  Michauxii  Nutt.          89 

86.  Yellow  Oak 

Quercus  Muhlenbcrgii  Engelm.  92 

87.  Chestnut  Oak 

Quercus  Prinus  L.              89,  92 

88.  Red  Oak 

Quercus  rubra  L.                         86 

89.  Gray  Oak 

Quercus    rubra    v.    'ambigua 

(Michx.  f.)  Fernald               86 

90.  Pin  Oak 

Quercus  palustris  Muench.        86 

91.  Scarlet  Oak 

Quercus  coccinca,  Muench.         85 

92.  Black  Oak 

Quercus  vclutina  Lam.               85 

93.  Spanish  Oak 

Quercus  falcata  Michx.              87 

94.  Scrub  Oak 

Quercus  ilicifolia  Wang.            87 

95.  Water  Oak 

Quercus  nigra  L.                         83 

96.  Black  Jack  Oak 

Quercus  marilandica  Muench. 

88,93 

97.  Laurel  Oak 

Quercus  imbricaria  Michx.       83 

SYSTEMATIC  LIST  OF  TREES          165 

PAGE 

98.  Willow  Oak  Quercus  phcllos  L.  83 


NETTLE  FAMILY 

URTICACEAE 

99.  Slippery  Elm 

Ulmus  fuha  Michx. 

97 

too.  English  Elm 

Ulmus  campcstris  L. 

99 

101.  Wych  Elm,  Scotch  Elm 

Ulmus  montana  With. 

99 

102.  American  Elm 

Ulmus  americana  L. 

96 

103.  Cork  Elm,  Rock  Elm 

Ulmus  racemosa  Thomas 

97 

104.  Hackberry 

Cdtis  occidentalis  L. 

16 

105.  Osage  Orange 

Madura     pomifera     (Raf.) 

Schneider 

19 

106.  Paper  Mulberry 

Broussonetia  papyrifcra  (L.) 

Vent. 

16 

107.  Red  Mulberry 

Morns  rubra  L. 

100 

108.    White  Mulberry 

Morns  alba  L. 

100 

MAGNOLIA  FAMILY 

MAGNOLIACEAE 

109.  Sweet  Bay 

Magnolia  virginiana  L. 

IO2 

no.  Cucumber  Tree 

Magnolia  acuminata  L. 

103 

in.  Great-leaved  Magnolia 

Magnolia  macrophylla  Michx. 

103 

112.  Umbrella  Tree 

Magnolia  tripetala  L. 

102 

113.  Tulip  Tree 

Liriodendron  Tulipifera  L.  23 

,32 

CUSTARD   APPLE   FAMILY 

ANONACEAE 

114.  Papaw 

Asimina  triloba  Dunal. 

18 

LAUREL  FAMILY 

LAURACEAE 

115.  Sassafras 

Sassafras  iiariifolium  (Salisb.) 

WITCH    HAZEL    FAMILY 

116.  Witch  Hazel 

117.  Sweet  Gum 


HAMAMELIDACEAE 

Hamamelis  virginiana  L.          24 
'Liquidambar  Styracifiua  L.       13 


1 66 


SYSTEMATIC  LIST  OF  TREES 


PLANE-TREE  FAMILY 
1 1 8.  Buttonwood 


PLATANACEAE 

PAGE 

Platanus  occidcntalls  L.  14 


ROSE  FAMILY 

ROSACEAE 

IIQ.  Pear 

Pyrus  communis  L.                 105 

120.  Siberian  Crab 

Pynis  baccata  L.                       105 

121.  Narrowleaf  Crab 

Pyrus  angustifolia  Ait.             106 

122.  American  Crab 

Pyrus  coronaria  L.                    105 

123.  Apple 

Pyrus  Mains  L.                        104 

124.  Quince 

Pyrus  Cydonia  L.                     104 

125.  American  Mountain  Ash 

Pyrus    amcricana    (Marsh.) 

DC.                                        107 

126.  Western  Mountain  Ash 

Pyrus     sitchcnsis     (Roem.) 

Piper.                                     108 

127.  European  Mountain  Ash 

Pyrus  Aucuparia  (L.)  Ehrh.   108 

128.  Shad  Bush 

Amelanchier  canadensis  (L.) 

Medic.                                   109 

129.  Dwarf  Juneberry 

Amelanchier  oblongifolia  (T. 

&  G.)  Roem.                         109 

130.  English  Hawthorn 

Crataegus  monogyna  Jacq.       109 

131.  Cock-spur  Thorn 

Crataegus  Crus-galli  L.             1  1  1 

132.  Scarlet  Thorn 

Crataegus  coccinea  L.                1  10 

133.  Thorn 

Crataegus     Oakesiana     Eg- 

gleston                                   in 

134.  Thorn 

Crataegus    rotund  i  folia 

Moench.                                112 

135.  Thorn 

Crataegus  Joncsae  Sarg.           1  13 

136.  Thorn 

Crataegus  macros  per  ma  Ashe.  112 

137.  Thorn 

Crataegus  pruinosa  (Wendl.) 

C.  Koch.                               112 

138.  Thorn 

Crataegus  Holmcsiana  Ashe.    1  14 

139.  Thorn 

Crataegus  anom  ala  Sarg.          113 

140.  Thorn 

Crataegus  coccinioides  v.  di- 

latata  (Sarg.)  Eggleston       112 

141.  Thorn 

Crataegus  Pringlei  Sarg.          113 

SYSTEMATIC  LIST  OF  TREES 


167 


142.  Thorn 

PAGE 

Crataegus  pcdicillata  Sarg.       112 

143.  Thorn 

Crataegus  Arnoldiana  Ashe.  114 

144.  Thorn 

Crataegus  submollis  Sarg.         114 

145.  Thorn 

Crataegus  Champlaincnsis 

Sarg.                                      114 

146.  Thorn 

Crataegus  macracantha  Lodd.  no 

147.  Black  Cherry 

Prunus  scrotina  Ehrh.             116 

148.  Choke  Cherry 

Prunus  virginiana  L.               116 

149.  Wild  Red  Cherry 

Prunus  pauisyhanica  L.  f.     117 

150.  Sweet  Cherry 

Prunus  Avluni  L.                     120 

151.  Sour  Cherry 

Prunus  Cerasiis  L.                    120 

152.  Canada  Plum 

Prunus  nigra  Ait.                     118 

153.  Wild  Plum 

Prunus  americana  Marsh.       118 

154.  Peach 

Prunus  Persica  (L.)  Stokes     117 

PULSE  FAMILY 

LEGUMINOSAE 

155.  Kentucky  Coffee  Tree 

Gymnodadus     dioica     (L.) 

Koch.                                35,  36 

156.  Honey  Locust 

Cleditsia  triacanthos  L.              35 

157.  Redbud 

Cercis  canadensis  L.                   14 

158.  Yellow  Wood 

Cladrastis  lutea  (Michx.  f.) 

Koch.                                     38 

159.  Common  Locust 

Robina  Pscudo-  Acacia  L.         120 

1  60.  Clammy  Locust 

Robinia  viscosa  Vent.               1  20 

QUASSIA  FAMILY 

SIMARUBACEAE 

161.  Tree  of  Heaven 

Ailanthus  glandulosa  (Desf.) 

35,37 

CASHEW  FAMILY 

ANACARDIACEAE 

162.  Staghorn  Sumach 

Rhus  typhina  L.                      122 

163.  Smooth  Sumach 

Rhus  glabra  L.                          122 

164.  Dwarf  Sumach 

Rhus  copallina  L.                     122 

1 68 


SYSTEMATIC  LIST  OF  TREES 


165.  Poison  Sumach 

166.  Smoke  Tree 


Rhus  Vcrnix  L. 
Rh-us  Cotiims  L. 


PAGE 

122 
121 


HOLLY  FAMILY 
167.  Holly 


AQUIFOLIACEAE 
Ilex  opaca  Ait.  25 


MAPLE  FAMILY 

1 68.  Striped  Maple 

169.  Mountain  Maple 

170.  Rock  Maple,  Sugar  Ma- 

ple 

171.  Black  Rock  Maple 

172.  White  Maple 

173.  Red  Maple 

174.  Three-toothed  Red  Ma- 

ple 

175.  Norway  Maple 

176.  Sycamore  Maple 

177.  Box  Elder 


ACERACEAE 

Acer  pcnnsyhanicnm  L.         127 
A  ccr  sp-i  cat-um  Lam.  126 

Acer  saccharum  Marsh.  130 

Acer    saccharum    v.    nigruni 

(Michx.  f.)  Britton  132 

Acer  saccharinum  L.  128 

Acer  rubrum  L.  129 

Acer  rubrum  v.  tridens  Wood.  130 
Acer  platanoidcs  L.  1 26 

Acer  Pseudo-Platanus  L.         127 
Acer  Ncgundo  L.  126 


SOAPBERRY  FAMILY 

178.  Horse-chestnut 

179.  Fetid  Buckeye 

180.  Sweet  Buckeye 

181.  Purple  Buckeye 

182.  Red  Buckeye 


SAPINDACEAE 

Acsculus  Hippocastanum  L.  133 

Aesculus  glabra  Willd.  133 

Aesculus  octandra  Marsh.  134 
Aesculus  octandra  v.  hybrida 

(DC.)  Sarg.  134 

Aesculus  Pavia  L.  134 


BUCKTHORN  FAMILY  RHAMNACEAE 

183.  Buckthorn  Rhamnus  catkartica  L.  26 


SYSTEMATIC 

LIST  OF  TREES 

169 

LINDEN  FAMILY 

TILIACEAE 

PAGE 

184.  American  Basswood 

Tilia  amcricana  L. 

136 

185.  European  Linden 

Tilia  vulgaris  Hayne 

135 

186.  Silver  Linden 

Tilia  tomentosa  Muench. 

135 

187.  Southern  Basswood 

Tilia  Michauxii  Nutt. 

136 

188.  White  Basswood 

Tilia  heterophytta  Vent. 

136 

DOGWOOD  FAMILY 

CORNACEAE 

189.  Flowering  Dogwood 

Corn  us  florida  L. 

139 

190.  Alternate-leaved    Dog- 

wood 

Cornus  altcrnifolia  L.  f. 

139 

191.  Black  Gum 

Nyssa  sylvatica  Marsh. 

22 

HEATH  FAMILY 

ERICACEAE 

192.  Rhododendron 

Rhododendron  maximum  L. 

19 

193.  Mountain  Laurel 

Kalmia  latifolia  L. 

19 

194.  Sourwood 

Oxydendron    arborcum    (L.) 

DC. 

31 

EBONY  FAMILY 

EBENACEAE 

195.  Persimmon 

Diospyros  mrginiana  L. 

21 

OLIVE  FAMILY 

OLEACEAE 

196.  White  Ash 

Fraximts  amcricana  L. 

144 

197.  Biltmore  Ash 

Fraxinus  Biltmoreana   Bea- 

dle 

141 

198.  Red  Ash 

Fraxinus    pennsylvanica 

Marsh. 

141 

199.  Green  Ash 

Fraxinus    pennsylvanica    v. 

lanceolata  (Borkh)  Sarg. 

144 

200.  Pumpkin  Ash 

Fraxinus  profunda  Bush. 

142 

201.  Blue  Ash 

Fraxinus    qnadrangulata 

Michx. 

144 

170 


SYSTEMATIC  LIST  OF  TREES 


202.  Black  Ash 

Fraxinus  nigra  Marsh. 

PAGE 

140 

•  203.  European  Ash 

Fraxinus  excelsior  L. 

,-140 

204.  Lilac 

Syringa  vulgaris  L. 

20 

205.  Fringe  Tree 

Chioiianthus  mrginica  L. 

20 

FIGWORT  FAMILY 

206.  Paulownia 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 

Paulownia  tomentosa  (Thunb.) 


Steud. 


BIGNONIA  FAMILY 

207.  Hardy  Catalpa 

208.  Common  Catalpa 

MADDER  FAMILY 

209.  Buttonbush 

HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY 

210.  Sweet  Viburnum 

211.  Black  Haw 


BIGNONIACEAE 

Catalpa  speciosa  Warder         145 
Catalpa  bignonioidcs  Walt.      147 

RUBIACEAE 

Ccphalanthus  occidcntalis  L.     20 

CAPRIFOLIACEAE 

Viburnum  Lcntago  L.  147 

Viburnum  prunifoliitm  L.       147 


INDEX   TO   TREE   NAMES 


Abele,  53 

Alnus  mollis,  76 

Abies  balsamea,  9 

rugosa,  78 

Acacia,  Rose,  120 

vulgaris,  78 

Three-thorned,  35 

Alternate-leaved  Cornel,  139 

Acer  Xegundo,  1  26 

Amelanchier  canadensis,  109 

pennsylvanicum,  127 

canadensis   var.    tomentula 

platanoides,  126 

108 

Pseudo-Platanus,  127 

oblongi  folia,  109 

rubrum,  129 

American  Aspen,  53,  55 

rubrum  var.  tridens,  130 

Basswood,  136 

saccharinum,  128 

Beech,  80 

saccharum,  130 

Canoe  Birch,  86 

saccharum  var.  nigrum,  132 

Chestnut,  81 

spicatum,  126 

Crab,  105 

Aesculus  glabra,  133, 

Elm,  96 

Hippocastanum,  133 

Holly,  25 

octandra,  134 

Hornbeam,  29 

octandra  var.  hybrida,  134 

Larch,  45 

Pa  via,  134 

Linden,  136 

Ailanthus,  35,  37 

Mountain  Ash,  107 

glandulosa,  35,  37 

Sycamore,  14 

Alder,  30,  76 

Apple,  26,  31,  107 

Downy  Green,  76 

Custard,  18 

European  Black,  78 

Southern  Crab,  106 

Hoary,  77 

Arbor  Vitae,  5 

Seaside,  77 

Arrow-wood,  26.  147 

Smooth,  78 

Ash,  37,  139 

Speckled,  77 

Basket,  140 

Alligator-  wood,  13 

Bastard,  141 

Almondleaf  Willow,  50 

Biltmore,  141 

Alnus  incana,  77 

Black,  140 

maritima,  77 

Blue,  144 

171 

172 


INDEX 


Ash,  Brown,  140,  141 

Bean,  Indian,  145,  147 

European,  140 

Smoking,  147 

Green,  144 

Bean  Tree,  147 

Hoop,  140 

Bear  Oak,  87 

Mountain,  38 

Beech,  25,  27,  79,  80 

Poison,  123 

American,  80 

Pumpkin,  142 

Blue,  29 

Red,  141                 „ 

European,  80 

River,  141 

Fern-leaved,  32,  79 

Swamp,  140 

Purple-leaved,  79 

White,  144 

Red,  80 

Ash-leaved  Maple,  37,  126 

Water,  29 

Asimina  triloba,  18 

Weeping,  80 

Asp,  Quaking,  55 

White,  80 

Aspen,  American,  53,  55 

Beetree,  136 

Large-toothed,  54 

Betula  alba,  75 

Austrian  Pine,  45 

alba  var.  cordifolia,  75 

alba  var.  glutinosa,  74 

Bald  Cypress,  9 

alba  var.  papyrifera,  76 

Balm  of  Gilead,  57,  58 

alba  var.  pendula,  74 

Fir,  9 

lenta,  69 

Balsam,  9,  58 

lutea,  71 

Fir,  9 

nigra,  73 

Poplar,  31,  57 

pendula,  74 

Willow,  49 

pendula  var.  dalecarlica,  73 

Barren  Oak,  87 

populifolia,  73 

Basket  Ash,  140 

Big  Shell-bark,  68 

Oak,  89 

Biltmore  Ash,  141 

Basswood,  134,  136 

Birch,  28,  30,  68 

American,  136 

American  Canoe,  76 

Southern,  136 

Black,  69 

White,  136 

Blue,  74 

Bastard  Ash,  141 

Canoe,  76 

Bay,  Rose,  19 

Cherry,  69 

Sweet,  102 

Cordate-leaved,  75 

Bay-leaved  Willow,  50 

Cut-leaved,  32,  73 

INDEX 


i73 


Birch,  European  Paper,  75 

Boxwood,  139 

Gray,  73 

Broussonetia  papyrifera,  16 

Old-field,  73 

Brown  Ash,  140,  141 

Paper,  76 

Hickory,  65 

Poverty,  73 

Buckeye,  33,  132 

Red,  73 

Fetid,  133 

River,  73 

Ohio,  133 

Silver,  71 

Purple,  134 

Sweet,  69 

Red,  134 

Weeping,  74 

Sweet,  134 

White,  73,  74,  ?6 

Yellow,  134 

Yellow,  71 

Buckthorn,  26 

Bird  Cherry,  117 

Bullnut,  67 

Bitternut,  67 

Bur  Oak,  94 

Black  Ash,  140 

Butternut,  60 

Birch,  69 

Buttonball-tree,  14 

Cherry.  116 

Buttonbush,  20 

Gum,  22 

Button  wood,  14 

Haw,  147 

/ 

Jack  Oak,  88,  93 

Calico  Bush,  19 

Locust,  120 

Canada  Plum,  118 

Mulberry,  too 

Canoe  Birch,  76 

Oak,  85 

Carolina  Poplar,  56 

Poplar,  57 

Carpinus  caroliniana,  29 

Rock  Maple,  132 

Carya  alba,  67 

Spruce,  47 

cordiformis,  67 

Walnut,  60 

glabra,  65 

Willow,  51 

laciniosa,  68 

Blue  Ash,  144 

microcarpa,  65 

Beech,  29 

ovata,  62 

Birch,  74 

Castanea  dentata,  81 

Dogwood,  139 

pumila,  81 

Willow,  53 

sativa,  82 

Bog  Spruce,  47 

Cat  Spruce,  49 

Box  Elder,  37,  126 

Catalpa,  12,  144 

White  Oak,  94 

bignonioides,  147 

INDEX 


Catalpa,  Common,  147 

Hardy,  145 

speciosa,  145 

Western,  145 
Cedar,  5,  6 

Coast  White,  6 

Red,  4,  5 

White,  s 

Celtis  occidentalis,  16 
Cephalanthus  occidentalis,  20 
Cercis  canadensis,  14 
Chamaecyparis  thyoides,  6 
Cherry,  31,  115 

Birch,  69 

Bird,  117 

Black, 116 

Choke,  116 

Fire,  117 

Pigeon,  117 

Pin,  117 

Rum,  116 

Sour,  120 

Sweet,  120 

Wild  Black,  116 

Wild  Red,  117 
Chestnut,  27,  81 

American,  81 

Dwarf,  8 1 

European,  82 

Japanese,  82 

Oak,  89,  92 
Chinese  Magnolia,  102 

Sumach,  35,  37 
Chinquapin,  81 

Oak,  92 
Chionanthus  virginica,  20 


Choke  Cherry,  116 
Cigar  Tree,  145,  147 
Cladrastis  lutea,  38 
Clammy  Locust,  120 
Coast  White  Cedar,  6 
Cock-spur  Thorn,  in 
Coffee-tree,  Kentucky,  35,  36 
Colorado  Blue  Spruce,  48 
Common  Catalpa,  147 

Horse-chestnut,  133 

Juniper,  2,  6 

Locust,  1 20 

Papaw,  1 8 

Pear,  105 

Cordate-leaved  Birch,  75 
Cork  Elm,  97 
Cornel,  19,  138 

Alternate-leaved,  139 

Flowering,  139 
Cornus  alternifolia,  139 

florida,  139 
Cotton-tree,  56 
Cottonwood,  56 

River,  58 

Swamp,  58 
Cow  Oak,  89 
Crab,  American,  105 

Narrowleaf,  106 

Siberian,  105 

Sweet,  105 

Crab  Apple,  Southern,  106 
Crack  Willow,  52 
Crataegus  anomala,  113 

Arnoldiana,  114 

Champlainensis,  114 

coccinea,  no 


INDEX 


Crataegus  coccinioides  var.  di- 

Elder,  Box,  37,  126 

latata,  112 

Poison,  122 

Crus-galli,  in 

Elder-leaved    Mountain    Ash, 

Holmesiana,  114 

108 

Jonesae,  113 

Elm,  27,  30,  94,  96 

macracantha,  no 

American,  96 

macrosperma,  112 

Cork,  97 

monogyna,  109 

English,  99 

Oakesiana,  in 

Northern  Cork,  97 

pedicillata,  112 

Red,  97 

Pringlei,  113 

Rock,  97 

pruinosa,  112 

Scotch,  99 

rotundifolia,  112 

Slippery,  97 

submollis,  114 

White,  96 

Cucumber  Tree,  103 

Wych,  99 

Custard  Apple,  18 

English  Elm,  99 

Cut-leaved  Birch,  32,  73 

Hawthorn,  32,  109 

Cypress,  Bald,  9 

Oak,  89,  90 

European  Ash,  140 

Date  Plum,  21 

Beech,  80 

Diospyros  virginiana,  21 

Black  Alder,  78 

Dogwood,  123,  138,  139 

Chestnut,  82 

Blue,  139 

Larch,  46 

Flowering,  139 

Linden,  135 

Poison,  122,  138 

Mountain  Ash,  108 

Striped,  127 

Paper  Birch,  75  •  . 

Douglas  Fir,  10 

Sycamore,  127 

Spruce,  10 

Downy  Green  Alder,  76 

Fagus  grandifolia,  80 

Poplar,  58 

grandifolia  var.  caroliniana, 

Dwarf  Chestnut,  81 

80 

Juneberry,  109 

sylvatica,  80 

Juniper,  2,  6 

sylvatica  var.  heterophylla, 

Sumach,  122 

79 

sylvatica  var.  purpurea,  79 

Elder,  140 

Fern-leaved  Beech,  32,  79 

I76 


INDEX 


Fetid  Buckeye,  133 

Gum,  Black,  22 

Fir,  Balm  of  Gilead,  9 

Red,  13 

Balsam,  9 

Sour,  22 

Douglas,  10 

Sweet,  13 

Red,  10 

Gymnocladus  dioica,  35,  36 

Scotch,  44 

Fire  Cherry,  117 

Hackberry,  16 

Firtree,  9 

Hackmatack,  45 

Flowering  Cornel,  139 

Hamamelis,  24 

Dogwood,  139 

virginiana,  24 

Fraxinus  americana,  144 

Hard  Maple,  130 

Biltmoreana,  141 

Pine,  41 

excelsior,  140 

Hardhack,  28 

nigra,  140 

Hardy  Catalpa,  145 

pennsylvanica,  141 

Haw,  Black,  147 

pennsylvanica    var.    lanceo- 

Red,  no,  in 

lata,  144 

Scarlet,  no 

profunda,  142 

Hawthorn,  English,  32,  109 

quadrangulata,  144 

Hazel,  Witch,  24 

Fringe,  White,  20 

Hemlock,  7 

Fringe-tree,  20 

Spruce,  7 

Hickory,  39,  60 

Ginkgo,  ii 

Brown,  65 

biloba,  ii 

Little  Shag-bark,  65 

Glaucous  Willow,  49 

Shag-bark,  62 

Gleditsia  triacanthos,  35 

Shell-bark,  62 

Glyptostrobus  pendulus,  8 

Small-fruited,  65 

Gray  Birch,  73 

Swamp,  67 

Oak,  25,  86 

White-heart,  67 

Pine,  43 

Hoary  Alder,  77 

Great  Laurel,  19 

Holly,  25 

Great-leaved  Magnolia,  103 

American,  25 

Umbrella  Tree,  103 

White,  25 

Green  Ash,  144 

Honey,  35 

Osier,  139 

Locust,  35 

Gum,  22 

Shucks,  35 

INDEX 


177 


Hoop  Ash,  140 

Larch,  European,  46 

Hop  Hornbeam,  28,  31 

Large-toothed  Aspen,  54 

Hornbeam,  28,  29 

Poplar,  54 

American,  29 

Larix  decidua,  46 

Hop,  28,  31 

laricina,  45 

Horse  Plum,  118 

Laurel,  Great,  19 

Horse-chestnut,  132,  133 

Mountain,  19 

Common,  133 

Oak,  83 

Leverwood,  28 

Ilex  opaca,  25 

Lilac,  20 

Indian  Bean,  145,  147 

Lime-tree,  135 

Ironwood,  28,  29 

Linden,  14,  30,  134 

Ivy,  Poison,  123 

American,  136 

European,  135 

Jack  Oak,  88,  93 

Silver,  135 

Japanese  Chestnut,  82 

Linn,  136 

Magnolia,  102 

Liquidambar,  13 

Jersey  Pine,  43 

Styraciflua,  13 

Judas-tree,  14 

Liriodendron  Tulipifera,  24,  32 

Juglans  cinerea,  60 

Little  Shag-bark  Hickory,  65 

nigra,  60 

Loblolly  Pine,  41,  42 

Juneberry,  31,  108 

Locust,  38,  120 

Dwarf,  109 

Black,  120 

Juniper,  45 

Clammy,  120 

Common,  2,  6 

Common,  120 

Dwarf,  2,  7 

Honey,  35 

Juniperus  communis,  2,  6 

White,  1  20 

communis  var.  depressa,  2,  7 

Yellow,  1  20 

virginiana,  4,  5 

Lombardy  Poplar,  56 

Kalmia  latifolia,  19 

Maclura  pomifera,  19 

Kentucky  Coffee-tree,  35,  36 

Magnolia,  20,  21 

King  Nut,  68 

acuminata,  103 

Chinese,  102 

Larch,  4,  45 

Great-leaved,  103 

American,  45 

Japanese,  102 

INDEX 


Magnolia,  macrophylla,  103 

Mulberry,  Red,  too 

Sweet,  102 

White,  100 

tripe  tala,  102 

virginiana,  102 

Nanny  Plum,  147 

Maiden-hair  Tree,  u 

Nannyberry,  147 

Maple,  12,  125 

Napoleon's  Willow,  52 

Ash-leaved,  37,  126 

Narrowleaf  Crab,  106 

Black  Rock,  132 

Necklace  Poplar,  56 

Hard,  130 

Nettle-tree,  16 

Mountain,  126 

Newcastle  Thorn,  in 

Norway,  126                        ,  , 

Northern  Cork  Elm,  97 

Red,  129                     ,    .       j. 

Scrub  Pine,  43 

Rock,  130 

Norway  Maple,  126 

Silver,  128 

Pine,  44 

Soft,  128,  1  29                  .  ; 

Spruce,  46,  48 

Striped,  127 

Nut,  King,  68 

Sugar,  130 

Nyssa  sylvatica,  22 

Swamp,  129 

Sycamore,  127 

Oak,  23,  25,  27,  32,  82 

Three-toothed  Red,  130 

Barren,  87 

White,  128 

Basket,  89 

Mockernut,  67     .;  <  '/ 

Bear,  87 

Moosewood,  127 

Black,  85 

Morus  alba,  100 

Black  Jack,  88,  93 

rubra,  100         v 

Box  White,  94 

Mossy-cup  Oak,  94 

Bur,  94 

Mountain  Ash,  38 

Chestnut,  89,  92 

American,  107 

Chinquapin,  .92 

Elder-leaved,  108 

Cow,  89 

European,  108 

English,  89,  90 

Western,  108 

Gray,  25,  86 

Mountain  Laurel,  19                 i 

Jack,  88,  93 

Maple,  120 

Laurel,  83 

Mulberry,  16,  99 

Mossy-cup,  94 

Black,  loo 

Over-cup,  90,  94 

Paper,  16 

Peach,  83 

INDEX 


179 


Oak,  Fin,  86 

Paulownia,  13 

Poison,  123 

tomentpsa,  13 

Post,  94 

Peach,  31,  115,  117 

Red,  86 

Oak,  83 

Rock,  89,  92 

Peach-leaved  Willow,  50 

Rock  Chestnut,  89,  92 

Pear,  26,  31,  104,  105 

Scarlet,  85 

Common,  105 

Scrub,  87 

Persimmon,  21 

Shingle,  83 

Picea  Abies,  46-,  48 

Spanish,  87 

canadensis,  49 

Swamp,  91 

mariana,  47 

Swamp  Post,.  90 

Menziesii,  48 

Swamp  White,  91 

orientalis,  48 

Water,  83 

rubra,  47 

Water  White,  90 

Pigeon  Cherry,  117 

White,  90,  91 

Pignut,  65 

Willow,  83       . 

Small,  65 

Yellow,  85,  92 

Pin  Cherry,  117 

Yellow-bark,  85 

Oak,  96 

Ohio  Buckeye,  133 

Pine,  4,  39 

Oilnut,  60 

Austrian,  45 

Old-field  Birch,  73 

Gray,  43 

Pine,  41,  42 

Hard,  41 

Oneberry,  16 

Jersey,  43 

Orange,  Osage,  19 

Loblolly,  41,  42 

Oriental  Spruce,  48 

Northern  Scrub,  43 

Osage  Orange,  19 

Norway,  44 

Osier,  Green,  139 

Old-field,  41,  42 

Ostrya  virginiana,  28 

Pitch,  41 

Over-cup  Oak,  90,  94 

Red,  44 

Oxydendrum  arboreum,  31 

Scotch,  44 

Scrub,  43 

Papaw,  1  8 

Shortleaf,  40,  42 

Common,  18 

Soft,  40 

Paper  Birch,  76 

Table  Mountain,  43 

Mulberry,  16 

White,  40 

i8o 


INDEX 


Pine,  Yellow,  40,  42 
Pinus  Banksiana,  43 

echinata,  40,  42 

Laricio  var.  austriaca,  43 

pungens,  43 

resinosa,  44 

rigida,  41 

Strobus,  40 

sylvestris,  44 

Taeda,  41,  42 

virginiana,  43 
Pitch  Pine,  41 
Plane-tree,  14 
Platanus  o€cidentalis,  14 
Plum,  26,31, 115 

Canada, 118 

Date,  31 

Horse,  118 

Nanny,  147 

Red, 118 

Thorn,  in 

Wild,  118 

Yellow,  118 
Poison  Ash,  123 

Dogwood,  122,  138 

Elder,  122 

Ivy,  123 

Oak,  123 

Sumach,  122 
Poplar,  31,  5^3,  54 

Balsam,  31,  57 

Black,  57 

Carolina,  56 

Downy,  58 

Large-toothed,  54 

Lombardy,  56 


Poplar,  Necklace,  56 

Rough-barked,  57 

Silver,  53 

Trembling,  55 

White,  53 

Yellow,  24,  32 
Popple,  54 
Populus  alba,  53 

balsamifera,  57 

candicans,  58 

deltoides,  56 

grandidentata,  54 

heterophylla,  58 

nigra,  57 

nigra  var.  italica,  56 

tremuloides,  55 
Post  Oak,  94 
Poverty  Birch,  73 
Prunus  americana,  118 

Avium,  120 

Cerasus,  120 

nigra,  118 

pennsylvanica,  117 

Persica,  117 

serotina,  116 
•   virginiana,  116 
Pseudotsuga  taxifolia,  10 
Pumpkin  Ash,  142 
Purple  Buckeye,  134 
Purple-leaved  Beech,  79 
Pyrus  americana,  107 

angustifolia,  106 

Aucuparia,  108 

baccata,  105 

communis,  105 

coronaria,  105 


INDEX 


181 


Pyrus  Cydonia,  104 

Red  Gum,  13 

hybrida,  107 

Haw,  no,  in 

Malus,  104 

Maple,  129 

sitchensis,  108 

Mulberry,  100 

Quaking  Asp,  55 

Oak,  86 

Quercus  alba,  91 

Pine,  44 

bicolor,  91 

Plum,  118 

coccinea,  85 

Spruce,  47 

falcata,  87 

Redbud,  14 

ilicifolia,  87 

Rhamnus  cathartica,  26 

imbricaria,  83 

Rhododendron,  19 

lyrata,  90 

maximum,  19 

macrocarpa,  94 

Rhus  copallina,  122 

marilandica,  88 

Cotinus,  121 

Michauxii,  89 

glabra,  122 

Muhlenbergii,  92 

Toxicodendron,  123 

nigra,  83 

typhina,  122 

palustris,  86 

Vernix,  123 

phellos,  83 

River  Ash,  141 

Prinus,  89.  92 

Birch,  73 

Robur,  89 

Cottonwood,  58 

Robur  var.  sessiliflora,  90 

Robinia  Pseudo-Acacia,  1  20 

rubra,  86 

viscosa,  1  20 

rubra  var.  ambigua,  86 

Rock  Chestnut  Oak,  89,  92 

stellata,  94 

Elm,  97 

velutina,  85 

Maple,  130 

Quince,  21,  104 

Oak,  89,  92 

Rose  Acacia,  120 

Raisin,  Wild,  147 

Bay,  19 

Red  Ash,  141 

Rough-barked  Poplar,  57 

Beech,  80 

Round-wood,  107 

Birch,  73 

Rowan  Tree,  108 

Buckeye,  134 

Rum  Cherry,  116 

Cedar,  4,  5 

Elm,  97 

Salix  alba,  53 

Fir,  10 

alba  var.  caerulea,  53 

182 


INDEX 


Salix  alba  var.  vitellina,  53 

amygdaloides,  50 

babylonica,  52 

balsamifera,  49 

discolor,  49 

fragilis,  52 

lucida,  49 

nigra,  51 

pentandra,  50 

Wardi,  51 
Sassafras,  17,  32 

variifolium,  17,  32. 
Savin,  4,  5 
Scarlet  Haw,  1 10 

Oak,  85 

Thorn,  no 
Scotch  Elm,  99 

Fir,  44 

Pine,  44 
Scrub  Oak,  87 

Pine,  43 

Seaside  Alder,  77 
Service  Berry,  109 
Shad  Bush,  108,  109 
Shag-bark  Hickory,  62 
Sheepberry,  147 
Shell-bark,  Big,  68 

Hickory,  62 
Shingle  Oak,  83 
Shining  Willow,  49 
Shortleaf  Pine,  40,  42 
Shucks,  Honey,  35 
Siberian  Crab,  105 
Silver  Birch,  71 

Linden,  135 

Maple,  128 


Silver  Poplar,  53 

Spruce,  48 
Single  Spruce,  49 
Skunk  Spruce,  49 
Slippery  Elm,  97 
Small-fruited  Hickory,  65 
Small  Pignut,  65 
Smoke  Tree,  121 
Smoking  Bean,  147 
Smooth  Alder,  78 

Sumach,  122 
Soft  Maple,  128,  129 

Pine,  40 
Sorrel-tree,  31 
Sour  Cherry,  1 20 

Gum,  22 
Sounvood,  31 
Southern  Basswood,  136 

Crab  Apple,  106 
Spanish  Oak,  87 
Speckled  Alder,  77 
Spoon  wood,  19 
Spruce,  4,  46 

Black,  47 

Bog,  47 

Cat,  49 

Colorado  Blue,  48 

Douglas,  10 

Hemlock,  7 

Norway,  46,  48 

Oriental,  48 

Red,  47 

Silver,  48 

Single,  49 

Skunk,  49 

Swamp,  47 


INDEX 


183 


Spruce,  White,  49 

Sycamore,  Maple,  127 

Yellow,  47 

Syringa  vulgaris,  20 

Staghorn  Sumach,  122 

Striped  Dogwood,  217 

Table  Mountain  Pine,  43 

Maple,  127 

Tacamahac,  57 

Sugar  Maple,  130 

Tamarack,  45 

Sugarberry,  16 

Taxodium  distichum,  9 

Sugar-tree,  130 

Thorn,  26,  109 

Sumach,  21,  38,  121,  138 

Cock-spur,  in 

Chinese,  35,  37 

Newcastle,  in 

Dwarf,  122 

Plum,  in 

Poison,  122 

Scarlet,  no 

Smooth,  122 

White,  no 

Staghorn,  122 

Three-thorned  Acacia,  35 

Swamp,  123 

Three-toothed      Red     Maple, 

Venetian,  121 

13° 

Swamp  Ash,  140 

Thuja  occidentalis,  5 

Cottonwood,  58 

Tilia  americana,  136 

Hickory,  67 

heterophylla,  136 

Maple,  129 

Michauxii,  136 

Oak,  91 

tomentosa,  135 

Post  Oak,  90 

vulgaris,  135 

Spruce,  47 

Tree  of  Heaven,  35,  37 

Sumach,  123 

Tremble,  55 

White  Oak,  91 

Trembling  Poplar,  55 

Sweet  Bay,  102 

Tsuga  canadensis,  7 

Birch,  69 

Tulip  Tree,  23,  32 

Buckeye,  134 

Tupelo,  22 

Cherry,  120 

Crab,  105 

Ulmus  americana,  96 

Gum,  13 

campestris,  99 

Magnolia,  102 

fulva,  97 

Viburnum,  147 

montana,  99 

Sycamore,  14 

racemosa,  97 

American,  14 

Umbrella  Tree,  102 

European,  127 

Great-leaved,  103 

i84 


INDEX 


Venetian  Sumach,  121 

White-heart  Hickory,  67 

Viburnum  Lentago,  147 

Wickup,  136 

prunifolium,  147 

Wild  Black  Cherry,  116 

Sweet,  147 

Plum,  118 

Raisin,  147 

Walnut,  39,  58,  60 

Red  Cherry,  117 

Black,  60 

Willow,  31,  49 

White,  60 

Almondleaf,  50 

Ward's  Willow,  51 

•Balsam,  49 

Water  Beech,  29 

Bay-leaved,  50 

Oak,  83 

Black,  51 

White  Oak,  90 

Blue,  53 

Weeping  Beech,  80 

Crack,  52 

Birch,  74 

Glaucous,  49 

Willow,  52 

Napoleon's,  52 

Western  Catalpa,  145 

Oak,  83 

Mountain  Ash,  108 

Peach-leaved,  50 

White  Ash,  90,  144 

Shining,  49 

Basswood,  136 

Ward's,  51 

Beech,  So 

Weeping,  52 

Birch,  73,  74,  76 

White,  53 

Cedar,  5 

Yellow,  53 

Elm,  96 

Witch  Hazel,  24 

Fringe,  20 

Wych  Elm,  99 

Holly,  25 

Locust,  120 

Yellow  Birch,  71 

Maple,  128 

Buckeye,  134 

Mulberry,  100 

Locust,  1  20 

Oak,  91 

Oak,  85,  92 

Pine,  40 

Pine,  40,  42 

Poplar,  53 

Plum,  118 

Spruce,  49 

Poplar,  24,  32 

Thorn,  100 

Spruce,  47 

Walnut,  60 

Willow,  53 

Willow,  53 

Wood,  38 

Wood,  24,  32 

Yellowbark  Oak,  85 

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